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Significance

This has deprived social movements of opportunities to mobilise public opinion. However, a recent surge of major economies and businesses setting long-term ‘net zero’ emission targets offers hope that 2019 might have been the peak year for global carbon emissions.

Impacts

Campaigners will bring more litigation cases to press for more ambitious national policies.

Carbon border pricing will become more attractive in higher-ambition jurisdictions, but it will also trigger geopolitical pushback.

Efficiency investments in energy and transport will slow as demand falls and capital becomes tighter, affecting their business cases.

A confirmed Biden win in yesterday’s US presidential election would see US withdrawal from the Paris Agreement reversed.

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