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Significance
In fact, ten years after that conflict started, with President Bashar al-Assad still in control of two-thirds of the country, no foreign state shows any sign of making a major contribution to reconstruction, estimated to cost USD250bn-USD400bn.
Impacts
COVID-19’s economic impacts have further reduced the likelihood of Iran, Russia or Turkey making a new reconstruction push.
International aid will remain concentrated on humanitarian goals, even as some development organisations point out the long-term pitfalls.
In the medium term, donors may consider creating a special UN- or World Bank-administered trust fund for approved reconstruction.
Keywords:
Syria,
ME/NAF,
Gulf states,
IMF-World Bank,
Iran,
Oman,
Russia,
Turkey,
United Arab Emirates,
United Nations,
United States,
EU,
economy,
industry,
international relations,
politics,
social,
aid,
construction,
human rights,
property,
refugees,
civil war,
finance,
constitution,
corporate,
foreign investment,
legislation,
opposition,
Real estate
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2021
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