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Significance

Such certification could help reopen economies and allow social freedoms enjoyed before the pandemic. Beyond the ethical questions that such documents pose, there is precedent for using vaccine passports.

Impacts

Vaccines passports will meet opposition from groups that are also against other public health measures.

Citizens from countries without access to vaccines will be disadvantaged, as will certain groups within countries.

Technological and standardisation issues will persist, although options for either digital or paper formats are likely.

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