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Significance

Though not explicitly aimed at China, it is in fact an expression of commitment to defending a status quo that China’s capabilities and behaviour increasingly challenge. European governments have begun signalling their support in words and actions.

Impacts

Post-Brexit London will be Tokyo’s closest and keenest security partner in Europe.

The French and UK navies will be the most active European navies in the Indo-Pacific.

Tokyo can credibly claim to share values with Europe; Beijing must rely much more on economic self-interest to sustain cooperation.

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