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Significance

'Foreign agent', 'undesirable organisation' and 'extremist' designations have become the standard mechanisms for squeezing investigative journalists, independent media and other government critics. They are also an attack on Western values as they stigmatise contact with the world outside Russia as subservience to malign external influence.

Impacts

Repressive laws are used to justify Moscow's aversion to the West and liberal values.

Legislation has multiplier effects since 'untainted' media can break the rules by quoting a designated organisation.

The ongoing crackdown on domestic critics will be damaging for Russia's economic and investment attractiveness.

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