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Significance

An undeclared cyberwar between Israel and Iran has escalated since 2020 as Tehran's capabilities have improved. Israel's defensive strengths mean Iran has tended to seek civilian targets, whereas Israel has launched attacks against Tehran’s nuclear programme.

Impacts

Israeli leaders will intensify public threats against Iran, especially if the nuclear talks are successful.

Tehran will use social media to try to recruit agents in Israel, focusing on immigrants from Iran.

Israeli companies will continue to export spy software despite the international scandal over Pegasus software.

Iranian cyber capabilities will strengthen rapidly in the short term.

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