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Significance

The global economy is unquestionably undergoing a period of structural transformation shaped by the war and an acceleration of pre-existing dynamics. These changes will create new winners and losers, but will do so without upending the geopolitical status quo or drastically rolling back international economic interdependence.

Impacts

Growth in goods trade and foreign direct investment has been slowing since 2008-09 but flows of data, capital and services will rise ahead.

Re-shoring will rise as nations aim for self sufficiency, but slowly; every industrial economy bar China grew more import-dependent in 2020.

Global trade will continue to rely on three hubs: Europe, led by Germany; North America, led by the United States; and Asia, led by China.

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