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Significance

The move is viewed in Brussels as an attempt to force the EU into re-writing the protocol agreement, something which the EU vehemently rejects. The EU has a range of retaliatory options at its disposal, including the suspension and termination of the EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement.

Impacts

The EU has been preparing for this situation for more than a year, suggesting its unity is resolute and will hold.

Johnson’s political survival is more likely than unionist concerns in Northern Ireland to determine his approach on the protocol.

The implementation of the protocol could trigger unionist unrest across Northern Ireland, fuelling social and political instability.

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