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Significance

The EU is ramping up weapons deliveries as well as ammunition production both to ensure adequate supplies for Ukraine’s defence against Russia and to replenish and modernise European arsenals.

Impacts

Manufacturers in eastern EU member-states will shift to Western-standard defence production.

Kyiv will rely in equal measure on weapons and ammunition from the United States and the EU.

The EU will use its collective weight to secure ammunition on favourable commercial terms.

EU military aid to Ukraine will accelerate the transition of eastern member-states to using NATO-standard ammunition.

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