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Significance
This makes it hard to understand in detail what China’s position is on an issue so that progress can be made dealing with it. This, and other weaknesses in the way Beijing promotes its interests, make diplomacy less effective than it could be.
Impacts
Ineffectual diplomacy will make it difficult for Beijing to exercise international leadership.
Engagement can be expected to improve on matters where Beijing sees obvious benefit and little risk.
In highly contentious areas, Beijing will continue to struggle to square its aims and principles.
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2023
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