However, these efforts are neither universally applied nor commonly accepted. The proliferation of frameworks to combat disinformation demonstrates shared motivations among policymakers, tech firms and civil society to curb online harms but also a lack of agreed direction.
Over time, governments will become better at responding to online disinformation, leading to an overall rise in digital resilience.
Efforts by better resourced nations will help increase the capacity of smaller countries in combatting online threats.
Improved collaboration between governments, traditional media, tech platforms and civil society will be essential.
Defining disinformation will always present problems, especially where non-democratic governments abuse laws to suppress criticism.
