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Significance

However, the new measures’ efficacy still depends on US regulators’ capacity to monitor and enforce the controls, which are generating significant pushback from foreign and domestic sources. Especially given the need for foreign cooperation, Washington’s management of such pressures will shape the direction of restrictions targeting China.

Impacts

Unilateral US measures will undermine the willingness of allied countries to coordinate export controls targeting China.

Controls on activities of foreign players such as ASML will decide the success or failure of the US approach.

As the 2024 US presidential elections near, political pressure to intensify controls on China will rise.

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