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Significance

The navy has been more successful in modernising its submarine force than its surface fleet. Although it has fallen short of its original targets set in 2011, the new submarines entering service are modern and capable platforms that pose a threat to NATO forces and their allies.

Impacts

The navy will focus on replenishing stocks of Kalibr land-attack cruise missiles that have been exhausted by use in combat in Ukraine.

The increase in Russia's submarine fleet will stretch the ability of NATO maritime assets to defend against Russia’s underwater activities.

Russian shipyards will commit more resources to manufacturing uncrewed underwater vehicles (UUVs) in the future.

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