... policies and skills. Implementing these strategies can help design programmemes that prepare students for professional success and future careers. Originality/value This study sheds light on the importance of integrating collaboration skills in architectural education. By exploring barriers...

... on post-pandemic adopted learning approach. Findings This study has highlighted the significance of post-pandemic adopted hybrid learning method, especially in architectural education, whereas the research finds that FC is an appropriate solution to improve design courses with online technologies...