This study aims to use the thermal non-equilibrium approach to inquire the entropy production and conjugate natural heat exchange in a porous medium. Entropy generation is studied separately for the solid matrix and the hybrid nanoliquid.
The characteristic equations are unraveled by applying the finite element method. Mathematical relations are used to calculate the generated entropy for the hybrid nanoliquid and matrix structure.
Based on the results, the produced entropy and the viscous friction term associated with the hybrid nanoliquid phase are not affected by increasing the thermal conductivity ratio of the rigid wall to nanoliquid. Moreover, a higher amount of entropy is generated by the thermal gradients in the hybrid nanoliquid phase compared to the solid matrix.
No investigation in the literature has been reported in this context.
