Cardiovascular diseases caused by arterial stenosis significantly disrupt blood circulation and thermal transport, posing major challenges for biomedical applications such as hyperthermia, targeted drug delivery and thermal therapy. This study aims to develop accurate mathematical models that capture the complex rheological behavior of blood and is therefore essential for improving the design and effectiveness of these treatments.
In this study, a fractional-order mathematical model is developed to investigate the thermal performance of a magnetized blood-based hepta-hybrid nanofluid flowing through a stenosed artery under heat generation and absorption conditions. The model incorporates seven nanoparticles, namely gold, copper, silver, zinc oxide, magnesium oxide, titanium oxide and alumina, while the Caputo fractional derivative is used to account for the memory and hereditary characteristics of blood flow that are neglected in conventional integer-order models. The transformed governing equations are solved analytically using the Laplace transform technique to examine the influence of the fractional-order parameter, magnetic field strength, stenosis severity, nanoparticle loading and heat source/sink on the velocity and temperature fields. The results demonstrate that the incorporation of hepta-hybrid nanoparticles substantially enhances the thermal transport capability of blood, while heat generation significantly increases the fluid temperature and heat absorption effectively suppresses the thermal field.
Furthermore, increasing the magnetic field strength increases flow resistance and modifies the temperature distribution, whereas the fractional-order parameter provides improved control over both momentum and thermal transport by incorporating memory effects into the flow. These findings indicate that fractional-order modeling provides a more realistic representation of blood-based nanofluid transport in stenosed arteries than classical integer-order approaches.
The novelty of this work lies in the integration of a Caputo fractional-order framework with a magnetized blood-based hepta-hybrid nanofluid model for stenosed arteries under heat source/sink conditions. Unlike previous studies that primarily considered mono-, hybrid- or ternary nanofluids using conventional formulations, the present model simultaneously captures the coupled effects of seven nanoparticles, magnetic forces, arterial constriction and fractional-order memory behavior, thereby providing a more comprehensive framework for analyzing bio-thermal transport in cardiovascular systems with potential applications in advanced thermal therapies and targeted biomedical treatments.
