... printing Rehabilitation Cultural heritage Mortars Building materials This paper seeks to introduce the concept of 3DP, by identifying significant benefits of its use, as an alternative to the current manual construction processes; a brief overview of cultural heritage rehabilitation...

... – surface water sorption of earth mortar increased with increasing temperature. Originality/value The study used a novel method for pretreatment building materials by using solar dryer. Few standards provide instructions for the drying test to determine the drying rate and drying curve...

... was estimated to be 2,133kg. It was considered prudent to maintain a minimum WCR of 0.5, as below this value concrete became impermeable and had a natural resistance to water absorption. © MCB UP Limited 2003 Building materials Water Durability Life cycle costing Concrete...

... as prestressing tendons for PC structures, such as concrete bridges, marine structures and ground anchors. © MCB UP Limited 2003 Building materials Polymers Concrete Construction industry In view of the fact that concrete structures continue to deteriorate due to material ageing...

... the behaviour of structurally deficient RC beams in terms of flexure and/or shear with application of bottom and side GFRP plates. © MCB UP Limited 2002 Concrete Buildings Steel Building materials For the flexural design of RC beams, two possible failure modes of the flexural...

... maintenance and repair works are commonly exempted from the requirement of employing building consultants by the Building Authority. Building maintenance Small firms Maintenance Building materials Contracting out Since the OC did not have its own list of approved contractors, non‐restrictive...

... appears to result in lower strength loss up to the temperature of 200^oC, but no difference in relative strength was reported at 450^oC. © MCB UP Limited 2002 Building materials Construction industry Concrete Durability Buildings Architecture With the advent...

... UP Limited 2000 Conservation Building materials Timber Refurbishment The remaining timber‐framed buildings in England and Wales represent the most coherent and long‐lived vernacular building type of these two nations. The development of this tradition has its roots in prehistory...

... © MCB UP Limited 1999 --> BRE Building materials The end of materials blacklists? Keywords BRE,Building materials A BRE project (funded by DETR) has found that the practice of including unofficial lists of excluded materials in contract documents is declining...

... the various types and traces their evolution. Indicates that suspended timber ground floors became more common after the mid‐nineteenth century. © MCB UP Limited 1997 Architecture Building materials History Timber This paper on ground floor constructions is in two parts. Part 1 traces...

... with as yet unexplored potential. © Company 1997 British standards Building materials Glass Manufacturing technology Glass is an ancient material. There are many theories as to its discovery. Usually, however, it is attributed to an unknown Egyptian potter. This worthy, probably...

... Building materials Building regulations Legislation The great fire of London in 1666 did much to introduce and shape the regulation of building in England and Wales. Many a cob walled building is used for purposes such as agricultural, which are exempt from control; these exempted uses...

... structural disturbance, the new ceiling finish may improve thermal insulation (if an absorbent blanket is used), the fire rating and, because a complete new structure is built, proper supervision can ensure a high standard of work. © MCB UP Limited 1996 Building materials Insulation Noise...

... different types of insulations with their advantages and disadvantages. Concludes by outlining the recommended upgrading specification for a flat roof. © MCB UP Limited 1996 Building materials Construction industry Insulation Roofs Now that the idea has penetrated to most of the flat...

... will have a longer life expectancy. However, a high quality building might also require higher costs in use in order to maintain its high quality in use and aesthetics. © MCB UP Limited 1996 Building life cycle Building materials Lifecycle costing Estimating Estimates of the life...

... Surveyors Building materials The Pennine Region of Northern England is an area of great landscape value containing both National Parks and designated Areas of outstanding natural beauty. It is a landscape that is deemed worthy of conservation, not just the moors and dales image represented...

... work and the building regulations. Suggests that the Government should give more incentive to the use of thatch and cob walls, both for the purposes of construction and to keep alive the rural crafts associated with them. © Company 1995 Building materials Regulations Conservation has...

... Brickwork Building materials Refurbishment Thirty years ago the use of lime as an active ingredient in building had virtually ceased. Although hydrated (bag) lime was, and still is,added to cement mixes as an extender, and to make them more workable,the whole tradition of using lime properly had more...

... concretes by other investigators. Also presents the relationships between static modulus of elasticity, dynamic modulus of elasticity, compressive strength, and Poisson′s ratio, and equations for estimating elastic modulus and Poisson′s ratio. © Company 1995 Building materials Concrete...

... temperatures with calcium hydroxide but also those that induce water reductions of between 5 and 15%”. © MCB UP Limited 1995 Building materials Design The ASTM Standard C‐618‐85[ 12 ] gives the value 105 per cent as maximum water requirement percentage of control for fly ashes...