... enhance teachers’ professional certainty in assessing and supporting students with intellectual disability (ID), aligning educational practices with inclusive legislative mandates. Design/methodology/approach The study utilized structured assessment protocols during lesson study cycles, where teachers...

... students with complex educational needs (Caena, 2011). Munthe (2003a) uses the concept “professional certainty,” measured on a scale from certain to uncertain, to estimate challenges that teachers experience in actions and decisions. Munthe suggests a positive relation between teachers' perceived...