...Marek Bodziany; Zbigniew Ścibiorek; Stanisław Ślusarczyk Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify common and differentiating (external and internal) factors of motivation of the subordinates in the Polish uniformed services such as the armed forces, the fire service and the police...

... characteristics. Research limitations/implications The study focuses only on traditional hierarchical organisations that are designed to function in extreme conditions (the armed forces and acute health care). Practical implications If empirically further tested and proved valid, the suggested model could...

... Police Armed forces A dominant approach toward understanding the relationship between external threats and organizational reactions is Staw et al.'s (1981) threat‐rigidity thesis. This thesis maintains that a threat to the vital interest of an entity, be it an individual, group...

..., and ambiguous at the unfavorable end. Here are some typical interview excerpts: © Emerald Group Publishing Limited 2007 Leadership Behaviour Stress Armed forces Kosova The ability to lead under severe stress is central and unique to the competence profile of military officers...