This study compiles existing multidisciplinary research on additive manufacturing (AM) and circular economy (CE) to clarify how organisations can use AM to build capabilities that support CE objectives. It explains how AM adoption can enable these CE-oriented capabilities and summarises the main approaches firms can take to translate AM's potential into circular outcomes.
This research uses the 10R CE principles and Regenerate, Share, Optimise, Loop, Virtualise, and Exchange (ReSOLVE) framework to provide an AM-CE capabilities framework, based on which the authors provide propositions for future research. The primary themes in existing research, as well as the advantages and challenges of AM within the CE context, are discussed. Based on the findings, an AM-CE capabilities framework has been presented that helps understand the benefits of using AM and the obstacles that need to be overcome to utilize the technology for developing CE-based capabilities. The research uses the TCCM (Theory, Context, Characteristics, and Methodology) framework to pinpoint gaps in existing research on AM and suggest possible future avenues.
The review shows that AM can support CE goals, but its impact depends on the capabilities that the firms build around it. The study specifies three capabilities: (1) aligning product design and customer involvement with CE goals to reduce waste; (2) strengthening internal readiness through research and development (R&D), training and top management commitment; and (3) enabling adoption through policy support and stakeholder knowledge sharing across the value chain. These insights are consolidated in the AM-CE capabilities framework and translated into propositions for future research.
For researchers, the framework and proposition shift the conversation from “AM applications” to when and how AM helps build CE-based capabilities. For practitioners, the study highlights how CE outcomes from AM can be realized when firms connect customer needs and design choices with their CE goals, invest in R&D and workforce alignment, and actively collaborate with partners while navigating regulatory requirements. For policymakers, the study explains how clear standards and supportive interventions can reduce adoption friction and encourage more effective implementation.
The findings will assist practitioners in understanding AM's role in establishing CE-based capabilities for sustainable development. This research may help practitioners lower their carbon footprint by showing how to meet CE targets using a single technology (AM). By identifying hurdles and action items, decision-makers may better prepare for AM's advantages.
