... by providing a comprehensive philosophical understanding grounded in positivism, pragmatism and phenomenology of perception; and to implement a learning activity incorporating life cycle assessment ( LCA ), life-cycle thinking and carbon emission calculation based on a new teaching paradigm. Design...

... higher education. Philosophically grounded in pragmatism, the study draws on existing literature to clarify the theoretical foundations and practical implications of both methodologies, focusing on their application in complex, dynamic environments. Findings While PAR is well-represented...