Platinum nanoparticles synthesis and applications: latest insights

Green synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) remains eco-friendly and an alternative to biological resources such as algae, bacteria, plants, and fungi. NPs minimize the usage of hazardous or toxic chemicals, lessen energy usage, and advance the biocompatibility of the NPs. This will enable them to be fit for their applications in diverse fields, such as biomedicine, environment, pharmacy, industry, and agriculture. Improving drug delivery, reducing toxicity, and enhancing therapeutic efficacy make NPs profitable. Platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) have unique properties with biocompatibility. Characterization, functionalization, and synthesis of PtNPs play a crucial role in determining their properties and suitability for detailed applications. Antimicrobial, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory properties of PtNPs are attributed to their physicochemical nature. Synthesis of PtNPs is likely possible by physical, chemical, and biological methods. Among biological entities, algae, plant extracts, bacteria, and fungi were found to be effective in the synthesis of PtNPs. PtNP synthesis with various reagents, stabilizing agents, and reactive oxygen species can improve specific properties of NPs. Characterization of PtNPs by performing scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffraction analysis is not only helpful for knowing diverse shapes, structures, and sizes of NPs, but also biological activities.