Pareto-optimal bridge investment: a reliability–finance integration framework

This study proposes a novel framework for optimising bridge construction investments by integrating time-dependent reliability (TDR) with financial profitability metrics. Using stochastic modelling of resistance degradation and traffic load dynamics, a dual-objective optimisation model is developed that (1) maximises transportation profit under fixed budgets and (2) minimises initial costs while preserving profit targets. A case study of 20 bridges demonstrates a 2.97% profit increase and 5.054% cost reduction by using mixed-integer linear programming. Key innovations include the ‘investment factor’ (k_in) linking initial resistance design to life-cycle profitability and Pareto-optimised resource allocation. The framework bridges gaps between theoretical TDR advancements and practical engineering economics, offering actionable insights for infrastructure planners.