...: How can organizations respond effectively when a subsequent crisis emerges before the earlier one is fully resolved, or what we call chronologically, consecutive, unresolved crises? Contingency planning Crisis communication Decision-making Strategic communication Communication planning...

...) , perhaps, described it aptly: “If economics is the dismal science, then contingency planning is the abysmal science.” Even if an organization did have a crisis plan, the assumption that it is applicable throughout the organization is abated by the structural transformations taking place in modern...

...: environment management, disaster, communication corporate image, contingency planning Martin Langford MD Kissmann Langford Ltd Douglas House 3 Richmond Buildings London W1D 3HE, UK; Tel: +44 (0)000 000000: Fax: +44 (0)000 000000: E-mail: Torrey Canyon carrying BP Oil (18th March, 1967), The Three Mile Island...