Simulating thermal behaviour of concrete by FEA: state-of-the-art review

Simulation of temperature and thermal stress has become an increasingly important factor in ensuring the durability of concrete. This paper reviews the use of finite-element analysis (FEA) in engineering practice for evaluating thermal dynamics (and associated stresses) in concrete structures, both for new design and forensic engineering applications. The analysis process for crack control is introduced, with a focus on early age; modelling considerations are summarised and a range of practical applications are presented. Other major applications discussed include prevention of delayed ettringite formation, design of concrete cooling pipe systems and fire design, as well as geothermal, concrete slab and overlay system applications. In addition, the challenges associated with applying FEA to thermal modelling in forensic engineering investigations are discussed. It is concluded that the 20-year history of successful application to date clearly demonstrates the benefit of thermal simulation by the FEA approach in improving concrete durability and sustainability. The authors recommend a wider adoption of these techniques, backed by further research and improved standardisation.