... engineers. The focus of this study was on electromagnetic radar which can relatively easily detect reinforcing bars and internal defects. Then, machine learning approaches, convolutional neural network ( CNN ) and convolutional auto encoder ( CAE ), were used to detect small cracks inside concrete caused...

... concrete-related data types, collection methodologies, and data pre-processing strategies. Moreover, it extensively covers data-driven modelling and prediction in concrete science, presenting an overview of data-driven models, machine learning techniques deep learning approaches and integration of big data...