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Keywords: pine needles
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Journal Articles
Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Construction Materials 1–15.
Published: 13 May 2026
... investigates the development of eco-friendly solid and hollow mortar bricks by incorporating pine needles into a standard 1:4 cement-to-sand mortar mix. Pine needles, a forest biomass waste that contributes to wildfire hazards, were used at dosages of 1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.0% by weight of cement in a 1:4 cement...
