Despite growing attention to building information modelling (BIM)- immersive technologies (ImT) integration, limited empirical evidence shows how technical and non-technical criteria should be prioritised in emerging construction markets or how these priorities relate to institutional conditions. This study aims to address this gap in Vietnamese building projects.
A sequential modified Delphi-analytic hierarchy process (AHP) design was adopted. The Delphi process validated 53 integration criteria, followed by an AHP involving 15 Vietnamese experts. Criteria were assessed across five attributes and interpreted through Institutional Theory as a post-prioritisation lens.
The results show that BIM-ImT integration in Vietnam is driven mainly by foundational capabilities. Technical priorities include computational processing, semantic data exchange, sensing integration, interface usability, model accuracy and data standardisation, whereas photorealistic rendering and cloud optimisation receive lower weightings. Non-technical priorities include user familiarity, workforce confidence, effective tool use, cost considerations, system oversight and collaborative effectiveness. These patterns indicate that organisations prioritise stability, usability and operational readiness over advanced technological features.
The findings support staged implementation, coordinated capability development and more informed technology investment. They may also assist policymakers and industry bodies in aligning data standards, digital governance, training and infrastructure support with current implementation needs.
The study advances BIM-ImT research from identifying integration requirements to establishing their relative priorities in a transitional digital construction market. It also offers a context-sensitive prioritisation approach that may support comparative assessment in other emerging or digitally transitioning construction environments.
