Developing a design framework for 3D-printed modular living walls: a systematic review

Several initiatives have introduced traditional green walls as a long-term approach to climate change mitigation. The Industry 4.0 advancements have encouraged the innovative integration of digital technology in design processes. Limited research has investigated the integration of digital fabrication methods, like 3D printing, in modular living wall applications. Through a mixed-methods approach, this study aimed to identify the role and develop a design framework using digital fabrication in modular living wall. A systematic literature review of 39 articles from 2016 to 2025 was conducted by screening Scopus and Web of Science databases using the PRISMA technique. VOSviewer co-occurrence keyword mapping identified four core themes for the study’s content analysis, including design elements, design optimisation, fabrication, and performance evaluation. The findings revealed the widespread use of digital software in design modelling and post-design analysis compared to the limited use of application-based optimisation. A design framework was developed for fabricating an efficient modular living wall through a circular design process involving component identification, conceptualisation, optimisation, and evaluation stages. The structured framework provides a sustainable and efficient pathway for the 3D printing of modular vessels while supporting SDG Goal 11, sustainable cities, and Goal 13, climate action, and contributing to the fields of urban, architectural, and landscape design.