Middle Eastern archaeology

Following a brief description of the development of the ancient Middle Eastern civilisations and the vital roles played by engineers in their establishment, some of the more important archaeological structures of Mesopotamia and Egypt are described. This paper also gives shorter descriptions of other archaeological sites in the region, including some lesser known monuments. Frequent reference is made to the hydraulic works that made these civilisations possible, as well as to the building materials and construction techniques used in various structures. The paper concludes with appendices summarising the role these civilisations played in the development of writing and numerical practices and the actions practising engineers should take to help conserve the world's archaeological heritage.