Historical developments in irrigation governance

The paper identifies patterns of irrigation governance in the past and changes in these patterns over time. The discussion relates to developing countries, especially in Asia. The meaning of ‘good governance’ and the difference between water governance and irrigation governance are considered. Changes in the post-colonial period are reviewed and the recent move from bureaucratic dominance towards greater involvement of systems' users is discussed. Evolution of governance patterns in the colonial period is discussed, showing large increases in the political significance of irrigation and in the state control that accompanied it. Cases from medieval and earlier eras are noted. Contrasting strands of self-governance and state governance have coexisted, and show different strong points. The paper also gives an overview of lessons drawn from the ways governance has evolved. There are indications that self-governance is linked to long-term sustainability of physical facilities. However, pressures of population growth and urbanisation have increased the need for large facilities, usually created by the state. Better understanding of past styles and of why changes have occurred should assist the quest for ways to promote good governance and to integrate irrigation governance into emerging institutions of water-basin governance, as pressures of water demand require.