...-subject would be in the postbellum period. In particular, they changed the notion of the citizen to expand to all persons without respect to gender or race, and they further obligated the state to provide a public good, education, that they saw as the right of all citizens. This expansion of who the state...

... House of Representatives. © 2025 D. B. Jones, W. Troesken, and R. Walsh 2025 D. B. Jones, W. Troesken, and R. Walsh Licensed re-use rights only Disenfranchisement turnout race Southern politics Because poll taxes and literacy requirements directly changed who was per-mitted...

..., and national state expansion. Finally, this article contributes to the broader historical sociological work on race in the United States. To date, much of this work focuses on the role of violence and incarceration in shaping the status of African Americans in the Jim Crow South (Bailey and Snedker, 2011...

... partisanship path-dependence race Latin America Prior to the back-to-back victories of Álvaro Uribe in Colombia’s 2002 and 2006 presidential elections, the Liberal and Conservative parties formed the axis of one of the region’s most stable party systems. The stability of Colombia’s two-party system...