... patterns, damage extent, mechanical properties loss and the chemical composition of ISR products. The results indicate that restraint influences crack propagation, the interplay of mechanisms and damage anisotropy, with the shoulders of the sleepers exhibiting greater deterioration than the restrained...

... anisotropy damage rating index multi-level assessment reinforced concrete residual tensile strength stiffness damage test structural deterioration Alkali–silica reaction (ASR) is one of the most harmful mechanisms, affecting the durability and serviceability of critical concrete infrastructure...

... to observe and correlate the expansion, compressive behaviour and crack patterns from different directions across specimens under free expansion, uniaxial restraint and biaxial restraint. Anisotropic expansion was induced using a newly fabricated fixture and clear cracking anisotropy based on anisotropic...