Surface settlements arising from elliptical shaft excavation in clay

Shafts are frequently constructed to allow access to subsurface infrastructure and the resulting excavation is generally deep and narrow. Shafts may be constructed using a variety of methods and plan forms dependent on ground conditions and intended use. An axisymmetric (cylindrical) geometry is often preferred due to the relatively simple structural analysis, construction method and for the fact that a number of approaches that are available to estimate the ground movements around such an excavation. In certain cases, particularly when there is restricted space both above and below surface, non-circular shafts could be a preferred solution. The assessment of surface movements around non-circular shafts is difficult as scant information exists and few empirical prediction methods are available. In this study, a series of centrifuge tests has been carried out to investigate the effects of modifying the cross-sectional profile of a shaft (i.e. circular in plan compared with elliptical). Analysis of measurements obtained from centrifuge tests undertaken at City, University of London's geotechnical centrifuge facility is presented and compared with existing predictive methods. An addendum to the empirical equations and procedures for predicting surface settlements arising from circular shafts is presented to allow for the assessment of movements around elliptical shafts in clay.