The adoption of technology within construction firms has been improving globally over the past few years. However, the growth rate has not been encouraging compared to other sectors, even in developed countries. This study aims to examine the challenges of adopting modern technology among Irish Quantity Surveying firms.
A quantitative research methodology using the positivist paradigm. Data were collected from 52 quantity surveying firms through structured questionnaires using a purposive sampling method. The data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics, with findings presented in table format.
The results revealed that quantity surveying firms acknowledge the benefits of technology adoption, including improved measurement accuracy and efficiency, enhanced cost estimation, effective risk management and effective cost control and management. However, several barriers inhibit their ability to adopt technology in their work, including implementation costs, a lack of expertise, resistance to change and insufficient digital skills, among others.
The results suggest that Quantity Surveyors need to overcome these adoption barriers to enhance their competencies in innovation and adaptability. These will help them achieve the benefits associated with technology, bring efficiency to the work process and reduce their operational costs.
The value of the paper lies in its emphasis on the importance of fostering adaptability and innovation, as well as the nature of challenges hindering their adoption that must be overcome by quantity surveying firms to enhance their competitiveness.
Introduction
The increasing digital transformation within the global construction sector has prompted the integration of sophisticated technologies. These include Building Information Modelling (BIM), artificial intelligence (AI), cloud-based cost management and automation, which have greatly enhanced cost estimation, project monitoring and overall efficiency in quantity surveying (Royal Irish Academy, 2022). These technologies have become mainstream in prominent building markets; however, the extent of current technology adoption among Irish quantity surveyors remains unclear Lonergan (2023); Adesi (2020). Modern Technology refers to the latest advancements and innovations in computer systems, software, programming languages and data processing (Cambridge Dictionary, 2024). According to International Business Machines (2023) and World Architecture (2022), modern technologies, such as AI, Internet of Things (IoT), cloud computing and Industry 4.0 components, are transforming traditional quantity surveying by automating processes, improving accuracy and enabling better decision-making.
Despite the potential advantages of digital transformation, Irish QS firms face numerous obstacles to successful implementation. Research identifies significant barriers to the widespread adoption of digital tools in quantity surveying, including elevated implementation costs, insufficient technical proficiency, reluctance to embrace change and inadequate digital training initiatives (Shayan et al., 2019; Zahidi et al., 2020; Connolly, 2024). The anticipated 59% deficit in competent quantity surveyors by 2026 (Dermody, 2023; SCSI, 2024) raises concerns about the industry’s ability to facilitate the digital transition. The workforce gap indicates that the scarcity of skilled individuals who can integrate and maximise modern technologies is a significant barrier (Murphy, 2016). Zahidi et al. (2020) identified challenges to adopting modern technology, including critical thinking, self-management and interpersonal skills. Similarly, Connolly (2024) argues that many construction firms lack the necessary knowledge to invest in modern technology.
The quantity surveying profession has historically emphasised core competencies such as cost estimation, contract administration and financial planning; however, modern QS practice necessitates advanced digital skills in data analytics, digital modelling, AI-driven cost management and automation (Bukartaite and Hooper, 2023). Nevertheless, research is scarce regarding the digital competencies and readiness of Irish QS professionals to incorporate emerging technologies into their routine operations (McKinsey, 2022; International Business Machines, 2023). The absence of organised research hinders policymakers and industry stakeholders from formulating focused training programs to address the skills gap and facilitate digital transformation in QS firms (Dermody, 2023; Lonergan, 2023).
Moreover, despite the European Union (EU) prioritising digital transformation as a crucial economic objective, only around 8% of enterprises in Ireland have used AI technology, and digital literacy among construction professionals is notably lacking (Eurostat, 2023). In contrast to other developed economies, Ireland lacks a systematic national strategy to foster the development of digital competencies among QS professionals (McKinsey, 2022). The lack of such initiatives exacerbates the disparity between technological improvements and industry preparedness (Bukartaite and Hooper, 2023).
The current level of utilisation and the competency levels of quantity surveyors required to integrate and optimise technology to address Irish construction sector challenges, such as fierce competition, a shortage of skilled workers and disruptive innovations, have not been well investigated. For instance, Adesi (2020) concentrated on the challenges of the quantity surveying business environment, whereas Bukartaite and Hooper’s (2023) recent research focused on the future skill needs of artificial intelligence for businesses. Likewise, Abioye et al. (2021) researched the opportunities and challenges of artificial intelligence in the construction industry. Aluthwela and Perera (2017) focused on the features of QS firms and their impact on performance. Connolly (2024) discussed challenges to technology adoption, but from a broader perspective. Despite the above studies’ focus on QS firms and modern technology applications, they did not examine the challenges Irish QS firms face in adopting modern technology, nor the benefits of doing so. Thus, this study aims to address the knowledge gap by examining the current obstacles to the adoption of modern technology in Irish quantity surveying firms. By addressing these critical challenges, the study contributed to the development of strategic policies, targeted digital upskilling programs and industry-wide transformation efforts, helping Irish QS firms adapt to modern construction demands and enhance their long-term competitiveness.
Theoretical framework
The study uses three theories as the underlying principles for the technology adoption by quantity surveying firms. These theories are the diffusion of innovations (DOI), the technology acceptance model (TAM) and organisational development theory (ODT). Diffusion of innovations proposed by Rogers (2003) indicates that in the adoption stage of a new technology, one must examine issues such as targeting the people who will adopt the technology, their attitudes and values currently, the manner in which they will respond to the innovation, what will increase the adoption probability, how the adopters can be influenced to change their behaviours and the potential adoption barriers and how to overcome them. This shows that prior investigation into potential adopters of new technologies is essential for successful implementation. Rogers (2003) further suggests that factors such as awareness of innovation, knowledge of how to use it, and knowledge of how it works influence people’s decision to adopt it. However, Cain and Mittman (2002) contend that innovation adoption decisions are not based solely on people’s knowledge; attitudinal change is also necessary, thus a partial try is necessary to predict whether people will accept or reject the innovation. This means that, despite people’s knowledge of potential innovations, more should be done to change their attitudes for adoption to succeed. Rogers (2003) and Greenhalgh et al. (2004) propose the key attributes for innovation adoption, including:
relative advantages of the innovation compared to the existing one;
compatibility of the innovation to the potential users belief, values and needs;
complexity regarding how easy or not it can be used, and that when it is easy to use the adoption will be successful;
trialability as to how people can experiment it; and
observability regarding how easily peoples can identify the benefits associated with it.
As such, for the new technology to be adopted by the quantity surveying firms, these attributes must exist in the eyes of quantity surveyors.
The TAM was developed by Davis (1989) based on the Reason theory. TAM proposes that people’s change in attitude towards technology use is based on perceived ease of use and usefulness, as well as change in subsequent behaviours and actual use (Davis, 1989). Thus, there is a relationship between perceived relevance of technology, ease of use and attitude and behaviour towards its use. When people see that the new technology is easier to use than the existing one, they are likely to change their attitudes and adopt it. Likewise, when people see that the new technology is more useful and beneficial compared to the existing one, they are likely to adopt it (Masrom, 2007). Organisational development theory describes how change within an organisation is implemented through the application of behavioural sciences, emphasising organisational human processes. The theory suggests that organisational change should be implemented by aligning the organisation’s goals with those of its members (Porras and Robertson, 1992). Thus, organisational change effectiveness should be linked to workers’ buy-in. In the context of the current study, the researchers believe that if quantity surveying professionals perceive the emerging technology in their field as easy to use and more beneficial than current technologies, the likelihood of adoption will be higher. Again, by applying organisational development, it is believed that when quantity surveying firms consult their workers and align the proposed technological changes with workers’ goals and objectives, they will be willing to adopt them. The application of the discussed theories will eventually overcome the barriers to technology adoption.
Emergence of technology in the construction industry
The construction sector is currently undergoing a significant shift, driven by technological advancements and the growing demand for sustainable, efficient and intelligent infrastructure (Peng et al., 2023). Technology encompasses software, including data processing and storage, computer systems, and programming languages (Rouse, 2024). According to Peng et al. (2023), this transition signifies a shift from historically slow technology integration to swift adoption of innovation. BIM is pivotal in this transformative movement, facilitating collaboration and information exchange through comprehensive three-dimensional models that enhance design and construction procedures (Habib, 2020).
Moreover, incorporating robotics and automation transforms construction methodologies, as robots and autonomous construction vehicles take on perilous, monotonous, and time-intensive tasks (Peng et al., 2023). Consequently, this advancement enhances project efficacy and safety, particularly in intricate settings such as extensive hydraulic engineering endeavours (Peng et al., 2023). According to Prasad (2023), the use of sophisticated technology in construction robots and automation can enhance productivity, safety and cost-effectiveness on construction sites. Using sophisticated technology streamlines several duties, including site inspections, equipment monitoring and inventory management, minimising the need for a large workforce (Prasad, 2023).
The construction industry is embracing AI as an effective tool (Abioye et al., 2021). AI possesses various capabilities, including analysing sensor data to enhance construction performance, identifying safety hazards, enhancing productivity and facilitating predictive maintenance to mitigate equipment failures and reduce downtime (Abioye et al., 2021). In addition, construction firms are progressively adopting AI to enhance resource efficiency, minimise waste, manage supply chains, analyse health and safety data, analyse contracts and conduct financial audits (Abioye et al., 2021). Furthermore, three-dimensional printing technology has revolutionised construction methods, enabling intricate designs and structures that were once difficult or impossible to achieve with traditional manufacturing methods (Peng et al., 2023). According to Peng et al. (2023), this technique effectively mitigates waste and material costs by using only essential materials. In addition, it reduces construction duration and costs while simultaneously enhancing quality and precision (Peng et al., 2023). With the ongoing adoption of technological developments, the construction sector is poised to experience increased creativity, collaboration and achievement in the era of digitalisation (Peng et al., 2023).
Nature of quantity surveying firms in Ireland
The European Commission’s 2023 report states that Ireland avoided a recession and experienced substantial economic growth during the COVID-19 pandemic, with GDP increasing by 13.6% in 2021 and 12.0% in 2022 (European Commission, 2023). Ireland-based multinational corporations significantly contributed to this impressive economic growth by meeting increased demand for information and communications services, medical products and pharmaceuticals, thereby rapidly increasing real GDP (European Commission, 2023). The Central Statistics Office Ireland (2024) reported that by the end of 2021, the services sector, which encompasses architectural, engineering and other technical services related to construction, generated a net value of €79m. Over the last decade, the Irish construction sector has undergone significant transformations, including the global financial crisis of 2008, a 13% national unemployment rate in 2009, and challenges related to mortgage arrears and insolvency in 2013 (Murphy, 2016). According to Murphy and Oluwasegun (2017), the construction industry is seeing continuous growth.
In 2024, there were around 161 registered quantity surveying firms and 1,489 professional quantity surveyors in Ireland (Society of Chartered Surveyors Ireland (SCSI) (2024)). Quantity surveying firms in Ireland are known for their professional identity and knowledge-driven approach, which greatly benefits the construction sector (Aluthwela and Perera, 2017). Irish quantity surveying firms provide diverse services in the construction sector (Quillan, 2014). According to Quillan (2014), the services provided encompass primarily cost control, consultancy and project management for construction projects. Quantity Surveyors are typically employed by consulting firms in the private sector, government departments and other stakeholders such as construction contractors, bankers, property developers, project managers and universities (Quillan, 2014). Quantity surveying firms frequently collaborate with construction firms, contractors, and subcontractors to manage costs and provide consultation services for construction projects (Adesi et al., 2019). Turner and Townsend, a reputable quantity surveying firm in Ireland, offers consultancy services for major construction projects across various sectors, including corporate and office, data centres, industrial and logistics, life sciences, power, transport, residential, and utilities (Turner and Townsend, 2024).
According to the Society of Chartered Surveyors Ireland (SCSI) (2024), individuals aspiring to work as quantity surveyors in Ireland must fulfil the credentials and standards outlined by the SCSI in 2024. Firstly, students should earn a degree in a pertinent discipline such as Quantity Surveying, Construction, Civil Engineering, or Structural Engineering (SCSI, 2024). Furthermore, they should obtain full certification and qualification from the SCSI or the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors to improve their professional credentials (SCSI, 2024). In Ireland, a quantity surveyor’s duties include advising on the financial and contractual aspects of construction projects (Jobs, 2018). Quantity Surveyors typically create invoices for material quantities, assist with financing, and calculate the materials required for construction projects (Social Security Administration Group, 2022). Quantity surveyors are responsible for tasks such as feasibility studies, cost control, cost-benefit analyses, risk assessment, providing legal advice, representing clients in disputes and drafting contracts with vendors (Jobs, 2018).
Quantity surveying firms play a crucial role in the Irish construction sector, having a significant impact on project success and industry growth (South east Technological University, 2017). They provide clients with valuable guidance to deliver the optimal final product within budget constraints and may also propose enhancements to Architectural designs (South east Technological University, 2017). Irish firms have offices across the UK, Europe, the Middle East and the Americas, enabling employees to gain valuable experience through international travel (Jobs, 2018). Perks can include vehicles, group retirement plans and performance-based rewards (Jobs, 2018). For example, Lincoln Quantity Surveyors Limited operates globally, offering services to clients worldwide (Jobs, 2018). Edmond Kenny Consultants, located in Wexford, specialises in value management and engineering for quality and cost efficiency and Tara David Richie Quantity Surveying Services excels in alternative dispute resolution, contract administration and cost management (Jobs, 2018).
Quantity surveying firms are essential for effective cost management, strategic decision-making and successful project delivery in Ireland’s evolving construction sector (Adesi et al., 2019). They have a significant influence that extends beyond specific projects, affecting the physical surroundings and contributing to economic development (South east Technological University, 2017). Ireland’s construction industry has undergone substantial changes over the last decade, affecting the need for quantity surveyors (Murphy, 2016). According to Murphy (2016), adapting to evolving market trends and adjusting to shifting expectations were essential for the future success of quantity surveying firms. Technological breakthroughs such as BIM and other digital tools have the potential to improve efficiency and productivity in quantity surveying firms (Aluthwela and Perera, 2017). Incorporating technology into procedures enhanced efficiency and service quality (Aluthwela and Perera, 2017).
Quantity surveying firms must stay up to date with regulatory developments in the construction industry to ensure compliance and adjust their processes accordingly (Aluthwela and Perera, 2017). Knowledge of developing rules was crucial for overcoming obstacles (Adesi et al., 2019). The field of quantity surveying offered graduates favourable job prospects, with opportunities for professional advancement and development within the industry (South east Technological University, 2017). Using data-driven insights and strategic decision-making processes helped quantity surveying firms succeed in evolving market dynamics and industry trends (Adesi et al., 2019). Quantity surveying firms in Ireland can successfully navigate the changing construction sector by addressing challenges, capitalising on opportunities and staying informed about market trends and technical advancements. Navigating these challenges sets them up for enduring expansion and achievement in the future (Adesi et al., 2019).
Challenges facing Irish quantity surveying firms
The construction industry in Ireland has experienced consistent growth following its recovery from a protracted economic downturn spanning 2006–2009 (Oluwasegun and Murphy, 2019). Hence, it is imperative to understand the strategic approach of professional service firms, given the service sector’s significant contribution to economic recovery (Oluwasegun and Murphy, 2019). Aluthwela and Perera (2017) argue that quantity surveying firms largely depend on their quantity surveyors’ skills, expertise, and information to meet their clients’ requirements. Consequently, the presence of staff is significant in quantity surveying firms, given their nature as service-oriented entities that provide specialised guidance, services and consultancy (Aluthwela and Perera, 2017). Nevertheless, quantity surveying firms encounter difficulties in a swiftly evolving economic landscape due to a shortage of skilled personnel, competition, price inflation and evolving technology (Adesi, 2020). Adesi (2020) claims that the Irish construction industry experienced a six-year slump, spanning from 2008 to 2014. An increase in employment indicates a recovery in the industry, leading to a strong labour demand (Adesi, 2020). Nevertheless, there appears to be a need for additional crucial competencies, such as quantity surveyors, as a significant number of individuals have left the construction industry in pursuit of more favourable prospects (Adesi, 2020).
According to the SCSI and PricewaterhouseCoopers Construction Survey Report (SCSI and PwC) (2017), 63% of firms expressed their intention to expand their workforce in the upcoming year, while 73% of participants reported encountering challenges in attracting skilled personnel. According to this Survey Report, quantity surveying firms face several significant challenges, including a severe shortage of skilled quantity surveyors, rising construction costs due to high demand for construction services, increasing inflation in tender prices and a low level of adoption of digital technology (Society of Chartered Surveyors Ireland). Adesi (2020) supports the above findings and argues that the primary obstacles are inadequate resources, environmental volatility and the process of digitisation. According to Adesi (2020), resolving these difficulties effectively necessitates implementing a strategic decision-making process. Aluthwela and Perera (2017) claim that the importance of Information and Communications Technology and software packages in enhancing the Quantity Surveying profession should not be underestimated. Nevertheless, quantity surveying firms need more backing for a resilient IT infrastructure (Aluthwela and Perera, 2017). According to Aluthwela and Perera (2017), the concern arises because IT infrastructure and knowledge are identified as the primary determinants of performance for quantity surveying firms. For Aluthwela and Perera (2017), the performance of quantity surveying enterprises is typically hindered by their small employment base, which limits innovation due to constraints on personnel, funds and time.
Murphy (2016) states that Irish quantity surveying firms have performed a comprehensive internal assessment of their staff, IT and finance departments. They have recommenced allocating resources towards staff training, acknowledging that individuals are crucial for success and emphasised that repeat business is entirely dependent on our personnel (Aluthwela and Perera, 2017). Nevertheless, the available training has mostly emphasised the technical facets of the quantity surveying profession rather than strategic management (Murphy, 2016). Murphy (2016) asserts that there has been a significant rise in IT expenditure, particularly among smaller quantity surveying firms, partially to keep up with industry advancements, such as BIM, but primarily to improve internal operating efficiency. Murphy (2016) emphasises that investing in IT systems is essential for firms to ensure long-term viability. Embracing new technologies while ensuring staff are adequately trained to leverage these tools may pose a challenge for firms transitioning towards digitalisation (Adesi et al., 2019).
Challenges of technology adoption
In the last ten years, the construction sector has experienced notable transformations, mainly driven by the adoption of new technologies, complex laws, reorganised project structures and the need for a range of skills (Royal Irish Academy, 2022). The industry is progressing to boost competitiveness, tackle climate change and environmental concerns and significantly enhance sustainability (Royal Irish Academy, 2022). Zabidin et al. (2020) highlight that skills shortages, insufficient training and workers’ reluctance to adopt technology are key concerns. According to Joy and Raja (2024), nearly 60% of construction firms allocate a designated budget for research and development. On the other hand, 38% consider “insufficient staff to assist with technology” as a significant barrier (Zabidin et al., 2020). Connolly (2024) argues that maintaining uniform standards and ensuring compatibility are major obstacles to introducing new technologies to the construction sector. Connolly (2024) states that the construction industry comprises architects, engineers, contractors, subcontractors, suppliers and owners, who use distinct tools and techniques, resulting in limited communication and collaboration. Lombardo (2020) highlights that a firm’s technology investment’s success relies on its employees’ proficiency in using it. Encouraging users to accept and adapt to a new solution can take time, despite the promised advantages and efficiency enhancements.
Most employees actively oppose change, especially when it disrupts their established, efficient ways, necessitates downtime or requires new training. They usually prefer to avoid being forced to transition from what they are accustomed to after dedicating years to understanding the current processes (Lombardo, 2020). According to McClone (2019), many people enter the construction sector because they prefer practical tasks and are interested in conventional construction techniques. However, incorporating technology into this field may encounter opposition. It is a significant challenge to determine whether field workers will incorporate technology as a regular aspect of their employment (McClone, 2019). McClone (2019) reported that more than 60% of contractors saw this as a primary barrier to technology adoption. Challenges to implementing BIM in Ireland include the need for internal expertise, limited customer demand and inadequate training (Ernst and Young Global Limited, 2021). Connolly (2024) maintains that numerous persons in the construction sector, including contractors and construction workers, require enhanced technical skills and must understand the benefits of new technologies. Insufficient comprehension can hinder their ability to adopt new technology and adapt their procedures (Connolly, 2024).
In Lombardo’s (2020) view, firms with the highest technology adoption rates often start by incorporating day-to-day users from the bottom up to leverage their experiences and insights to create operational shortcuts and fix faulty procedures. To adopt technology, create a planning team that fully understands organisational requirements, generates enthusiasm across the firm and addresses any issues or interruptions (Lombardo, 2020). Connolly (2024) argues that many construction firms lack the necessary knowledge to invest in modern technology. They may require specialised IT personnel to manage new systems, and their financial resources might need to be increased to train people to use these technologies (Connolly, 2024). Connolly (2024) suggests that more resources may be needed to reduce the incentive to adopt new technology, as organisations still evaluate the advantages these innovations will offer. To address technology implementation issues, it is necessary to shift mindsets and cultivate a positive attitude toward the ultimate objectives (McClone, 2019).
Morgan (2023) emphasises that overcoming technical barriers requires adequate training and resources. Engaging staff in this new strategy requires patience, a positive attitude, comprehensive training and ongoing technical assistance (Morgan, 2023). Connolly (2024) emphasises the importance of motivating construction firms to invest in technology through financial incentives or subsidies. This support can help overcome challenges related to limited resources and budgets, facilitating the adoption and integration of new technologies and ideas in the construction industry (Morgan, 2023). Melenbrink et al. (2020) state that the construction industry is facing a workforce shortage and requires additional crucial training. Contractors are worried about the need for more trained workers (Morgan, 2023). The solution is to improve training methods, independent of the reason for the shortage (Melenbrink et al., 2020). The construction industry requires assistance to implement new training programs (Morgan, 2023). It may need to examine state-sponsored solutions, such as the German model (Melenbrink et al., 2020). There is an opportunity to update training by emphasising new technologies to equip workers for automation-related occupations and meet industry demand for skilled labour (Melenbrink et al., 2020). Connolly (2024) suggests that the construction industry can overcome challenges by educating and training professionals better to understand the benefits of new technologies and ideas. This knowledge and training help reduce the perceived hazards associated with technological improvements (Connolly, 2024).
Research methodology
Research paradigm
A research paradigm establishes a framework for study by influencing the researcher’s views, assumptions and methodological decisions (Creswell and Creswell, 2018). This study adopts a positivist perspective because of its emphasis on problem-solving, adaptability, and the utilisation of diverse research methodologies to tackle real-world challenges (Creswell, 2014). Positivism prioritises objective truth and quantitative methodologies, which reconcile quantitative data collection with practical problem-solving (Klockner et al., 2021). Moreover, positivism aligns with the study’s aims by identifying the challenges preventing the utilisation of contemporary technologies in Irish quantity surveying firms. It enables researchers to integrate structured surveys (quantitative data) with an industry-centric problem-solving methodology, yielding actionable insights (Kelly and Cordeiro, 2020).
Research approach
Rudolph et al. (2015) suggested that the approach adopted for a study problem should align with the characteristics of the data being collected to successfully address the issue at hand. As a result, this study employed a quantitative research approach, focusing on the challenges quantity surveyors face in adopting modern technology. Quantitative research systematically investigates social or human issues and tests hypotheses or theories using variables measured with numbers. Quantitative data were precise, dependable and comprised quantifiable real-world characteristics (Naoum, 2019).
Data collection techniques
Structured questionnaires with pre-established response options were used to collect quantitative data, yielding numerical data that was statistically examined. The research methodology involved structured planning carried out by researchers to ensure that the study produced accurate and dependable results that aligned with the research’s aims and objectives (Jansen and Warren, 2023). Structured questionnaires facilitated trend identification, comparative analysis and objective conclusions (Lindemann, 2023). Because English was the predominant language spoken among professionals in Irish QS firms, there was no language barrier, and the questionnaire included plain English questions to ensure understanding (Bhandari, 2023). The questionnaire was divided into two sections; the first focused on respondents’ demographics, where they had to tick the available options. Section 2 focused on questions related to the research objectives, in which participants had to select from predetermined variables using a Likert Scale. The questionnaire was designed and created in Google Forms, and the link was sent via email and through the firm’s LinkedIn accounts. The respondents’ responses were automatically recorded and stored in a Google spreadsheet as they completed.
Target population
The target population comprised quantity surveying firms in the Irish construction industry. These firms represented the primary focus as they were directly engaged in technology adoption and implementation within the quantity surveying field. The population size assumption of 1,522 quantity surveyors working across various quantity surveying firms in the construction industry was derived from the SCSI Register. Collecting data from every individual in a group was seldom feasible, so researchers typically relied on a sample of participants to represent the group (Taherdoost, 2016).
Sampling method and size
The study used a purposive sampling method to guarantee a representative selection of participants. This approach is more consistent with purposeful sampling, which involves intentionally selecting professionals based on defined criteria. This study used the SCSI’s online register of Quantity Surveyors as the sample frame, supplemented with LinkedIn profiles and firm information to identify professionals currently engaged in the industry. The researcher ensured that each respondent worked in a different firm to avoid having multiple respondents from the same firm. Therefore, the researcher examined the firm each respondent worked for before sending the questionnaire link. Establishing an adequate sample size is essential in quantitative research, ensuring statistical validity and optimising data collection efficiency (Bhandari, 2023). For this study, the assumed population of 1,522 quantity surveyors in Ireland (as per the SCSI Register) working for over 200 quantity surveying firms. However, to ensure fair representation of Quantity Surveying, 87 respondents from various firms were invited to participate in the study, using a purposive and stratified sampling technique. However, despite several reminders, only 52 responses were received and used for the analysis, which is more than the recommended minimum of 30 required for the mean to approximate a normal distribution (Bhandari, 2023).
Data analysis
The study used descriptive and inferential statistics to analyse the data. Inferential statistics enabled researchers to draw inferences and make predictions based on data. It was used to understand the broader population from which the sample was drawn (Bhandari, 2023). Descriptive statistics provided an exact description of the data obtained, leaving no room for uncertainty (Bhandari, 2023). A Microsoft Excel spreadsheet was used to collect and code the quantitative data from the questionnaire, which was then analysed using statistical methods. After that, the gathered data were examined and evaluated using descriptive statistics, including means, standard deviations and frequencies. When assessing the questions, the average ranking score (X̅) is interpreted as follows: a score above 3.5 indicates a strong influence, between 2.5 and 3.5 suggests a neutral influence, and below 2.5 indicates a low influence. To check the normality of the data distribution, Kurtosis and Skewness are used. In this study, a Kurtosis value between −3 and + 3 and a Skewness value between −2 and + 2 are considered indicative of a normal distribution.
Results
Respondents’ demographic data
The demographic data of the respondents is shown in Table 1. Respondents’ professional affiliations reveal that 63% are members of The Society of Chartered Surveyors Ireland (SCSI), while 23% are affiliated with the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS). The high membership rates in SCSI and RICS suggest that the industry widely adopts the standards and best practices these organisations promote. In terms of experience, 25% of respondents have less than five years. Thirty-five percent (35%) have between six and ten years of experience and 17% have between 11 and fifteen years. The varied levels of experience, ranging from less than five years to over twenty years, suggest that the survey encompasses a diverse range of respondents. The fact that 35% of respondents have between six and ten years of experience suggests that a substantial portion of the data reflects the views of professionals likely at the midpoint of their careers, who are familiar with the modern technology available in the profession.
Demographic data of the respondents
| Respondents | Frequency | % | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Professional affiliation | The society of chartered surveyors Ireland (SCSI) | 33 | 63 |
| Royal institution of chartered surveyors (RICS) | 12 | 23 | |
| Engineers Ireland | 2 | 4 | |
| Association for project management (APM | 2 | 4 | |
| Project management institute (PMP) | 3 | 6 | |
| 52 | 100 | ||
| Experience | 0 – Five years | 13 | 25 |
| 6–10 years | 18 | 35 | |
| 11–15 years | 9 | 17 | |
| 16–20 years | 4 | 8 | |
| Over 21 years | 8 | 15 | |
| 52 | 100 | ||
| Education | Postgraduate | 42 | 81 |
| Undergraduate | 8 | 15 | |
| Diploma | 2 | 4 | |
| 52 | 100 | ||
| Position | Quantity surveyor | 45 | 86 |
| Project manager | 5 | 10 | |
| Engineer | 1 | 2 | |
| Operation director | 1 | 2 | |
| 52 | 100 | ||
Regarding respondents’ education level, the majority, 81%, hold postgraduate qualifications, followed by 15% with an undergraduate qualification and 4% with a Diploma. The fact that 81% of respondents hold postgraduate qualifications suggests they are likely experts in Quantity Surveying. The respondents are more likely to possess advanced knowledge, thereby enhancing the depth and accuracy of the data. Again, the majority (86%) worked as Quantity Surveyors, 10% as project managers, 2% as engineers, and 2% as operations directors. With 86% of respondents being Quantity Surveyors, the findings are strongly informed by their direct experiences in Quantity Surveying. The high proportion of Quantity Surveyors among the respondents indicates that the survey has effectively reached the target population.
Respondents’ views on the level of technology adoption
Respondents were asked to assess the level of adoption of modern technology among Quantity Surveying firms in Ireland. Technology adoption by experience illustrates the percentage distribution of technology adoption levels (Low, Moderate, High) across different years of experience groups, as shown in Figure 1.
The bar chart displays three categories labelled low, moderate, and high across five experience groups zero to five years, six to ten years, eleven to fifteen years, sixteen to twenty years, and twenty plus years. Low starts highest in the earliest group and decreases across later groups, reaching zero in the final group. Moderate increases steadily and peaks in the middle to later groups before slightly decreasing. High remains low in earlier groups, drops to zero in the sixteen to twenty years group, and rises sharply in the twenty plus years group.Technology adoption by experience
Source: Authors’ own work
The bar chart displays three categories labelled low, moderate, and high across five experience groups zero to five years, six to ten years, eleven to fifteen years, sixteen to twenty years, and twenty plus years. Low starts highest in the earliest group and decreases across later groups, reaching zero in the final group. Moderate increases steadily and peaks in the middle to later groups before slightly decreasing. High remains low in earlier groups, drops to zero in the sixteen to twenty years group, and rises sharply in the twenty plus years group.Technology adoption by experience
Source: Authors’ own work
Across most experienced groups, moderate adoption was the most common level. The most experienced group (20 + years) has the highest adoption rate (38%). Less experienced groups (0–5 years and 6–10 years) have higher rates of low-technology adoption. The 16–20 years group has no individuals at a high adoption level, despite having a majority at moderate adoption. This group might have become comfortable with existing technologies, leading to stagnation in adopting modern technology. They might be less inclined to examine or invest in advanced technologies, perhaps due to the stability of their current practices or resistance to change.
Benefits of implementing modern technology in Irish quantity surveying firms
Respondents were asked to indicate whether modern technology would benefit the listed parameters, with the aim of establishing the impact of adopting modern technology in Irish Quantity Surveying firms. Responses were categorised into five categories: Strongly Disagree, Disagree, Neutral, Agree and Strongly Agree. The survey results are depicted in Table 2.
Benefits of implementing modern technology
| Parameter | X– | SD | KRT | SKN | RII (%) | (α) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Measurement accuracy and efficiency | 4.54 | 0.54 | −0.93 | −0.54 | 91 | 0.86 |
| Cost estimation | 4.52 | 0.58 | −0.45 | −0.71 | 90 | |
| Risk management | 4.08 | 0.84 | 0.93 | −0.98 | 82 | |
| Cost control and management | 4.04 | 0.84 | 0.14 | −0.70 | 81 | |
| Contractual claims | 3.87 | 0.91 | −0.34 | −0.54 | 77 | |
| Contract administration | 3.73 | 0.93 | −0.66 | −0.33 | 75 | |
| Procurement | 3.67 | 0.88 | −0.58 | −0.19 | 73 | |
| Contract drafting | 3.37 | 1.01 | −0.97 | 0.26 | 67 |
(X¯) = Mean, SD (σ) = Standard deviation, KRT = Kurtosis, SKN = Skewness, RII = Relative importance index, (α) = Cronbach′s Alpha
Measurement accuracy and efficiency received the highest mean score (4.54) and an RII of 91%, indicating substantial agreement among respondents that modern technology significantly enhanced measurement accuracy and efficiency. Cost estimation had a high mean score of 4.52 and an RII of 90%, suggesting that respondents believed modern technology significantly improved cost estimation processes. Risk management (mean = 4.08) and cost control and management (mean = 4.04) indicated that respondents observed significant improvements. Contractual claims (mean = 3.87), contract administration (mean = 3.73) and procurement (mean = 3.67) were rated lower than other areas; however, they were still considered areas that could benefit from modern technology. Contract drafting (mean = 3.37) was perceived to benefit the least from technology, indicating that respondents viewed it as a less critical area for technological enhancement. In Table 2, the standard deviation values range from 0.54–1.01, reflecting different levels of agreement among respondents. The lowest standard deviation, in measurement accuracy and efficiency, indicates the highest level of consensus. The results indicate acceptable kurtosis and skewness within the acceptable range of ± 3 and ± 2, respectively. The overall Cronbach’s alpha of 0.86 indicates a good level of reliability.
Challenges that hinder the effective implementation of modern technology
Respondents were asked to indicate the challenges that hinder the effective implementation of modern technology. This question aims to address the challenges that hinder the effective implementation of modern technology in Irish Quantity Surveying firms. Respondents were asked to indicate the extent to which they agree that the listed challenges hinder the effectiveness of the implementation of modern technology in Irish Quantity Surveying Firms. Responses were categorised into five categories: Strongly Disagree, Disagree, Neutral, Agree and Strongly Agree. Table 3 presents the survey results on the identified challenges hindering the effective implementation of modern technology in Irish Quantity Surveying firms. Given that seven out of the eight listed challenges have a mean score greater than 3.5, the respondents agree that these challenges hinder the effective implementation of modern technology in Irish Quantity Surveying firms.
Challenges that hinder effective technology implementation
| Challenges | R | X¯ | SD | KRT | SKN | RII (%) | (α) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shortage of skilled personnel | 1 | 4.08 | 0.81 | 1.33 | −1.06 | 82 | 0.85 |
| Inadequate training | 2 | 4.02 | 0.80 | 1.18 | −0.98 | 80 | |
| Lack of technical expertise and understanding | 3 | 3.94 | 0.85 | 0.63 | −0.88 | 79 | |
| Lack of understanding of technology benefits | 4 | 3.90 | 0.80 | 1.23 | −1.02 | 78 | |
| Resistance to change among colleagues | 5 | 3.88 | 0.88 | 0.37 | −0.85 | 78 | |
| Lack of resources | 6 | 3.71 | 1.04 | −0.96 | −0.38 | 74 | |
| Compatibility issues with existing systems | 6 | 3.71 | 0.89 | −0.43 | −0.42 | 74 | |
| Budget constraints | 8 | 3.48 | 1.04 | −0.26 | −0.44 | 70 |
R = Rank; (X¯) = Mean; SD (σ) = Standard deviation; KRT = Kurtosis; SKN = Skewness, (α) = Cronbach′s Alpha
According to Table 3, the shortage of skilled personnel has the highest mean (4.08) and the highest RII (82%), indicating strong consensus among respondents that it is a significant barrier to the effective implementation of modern technology. Inadequate training is also highly rated (Mean = 4.02; RII = 80%), suggesting that respondents believe insufficient training significantly hinders technology adoption. A lack of technical expertise and understanding (mean = 3.94; RII = 79%) indicates that this is a significant challenge. Although still important, budget constraints (mean = 3.48; RII = 70%) are rated lower than other challenges, suggesting that financial issues are less of a concern than skills and training. The standard deviation values range from 0.80–1.04, reflecting different levels of agreement among respondents. The lowest standard deviation, found in inadequate training (0.80), indicates the highest level of consensus. The results indicate acceptable kurtosis and skewness within the acceptable range of ± 3 and ± 2, respectively. The overall Cronbach’s alpha of 0.85 indicates a good level of reliability.
Discussion
Challenges hindering the adoption of modern technology by Irish quantity surveying firms
Table 3 indicates that the major obstacle to adopting modern technologies is the need for more skilled personnel. From an organisational development theory perspective, this highlights a major barrier to change, as the findings suggest that quantity surveying firms have not been able to conscientise workers to accept modern technology in their industry. The findings also support Davis’ (1989) suggestion for preventing resistance to technology adoption: organisations should strive to change workers’ attitudes by demonstrating the ease of use and benefits of the technology. Matthews et al. (2023) and Connolly (2024) argue that firms must prioritise training and development to overcome these barriers and reduce resistance to change. The results align with Lonergan’s (2023) research, which noted significant shortages of skilled quantity surveyors in Ireland. Similarly, Matthews et al. (2023) found that personnel shortages pose a significant challenge to the adoption of technologies. Connolly (2024) claimed that the shortage of competent personnel has led to increased competition and higher pay expenses. Without skilled personnel, even the most advanced technologies cannot be effectively implemented and used. Addressing skills shortages is crucial to implementing technology effectively. Khatri (2023) pointed out that the construction industry faces significant challenges due to the need for more skilled workers. The shortage of skilled workers is critical because advanced technologies, such as AI and BIM, require specialised knowledge. If these shortages persist, QS firms may fall behind in technology adoption, rendering them less competitive and unable to handle complex, technology-driven projects. Inadequate technology training of QSs in various firms is also a significant concern. It has been argued that integrating emerging technologies, such as virtual and augmented reality, and digital twins, is an effective way to accelerate technology adoption. Studies by Bakhoum et al. (2023) showed that incorporating virtual reality into project phases can enhance adoption rates. Similarly, integrating augmented reality is crucial for testing effectiveness in real-world scenarios. Li et al. (2019) argued that digital twin technology is only effective when combined with live BIM models. The integration of emerging technologies is significant because they provide cutting-edge solutions to traditional challenges in the construction industry.
Consistent with the literature, inadequate training ranked second among obstacles. Oke et al. (2019) identified training as a significant deficiency in technology adoption, supported by Murphy and Seriki (2021). Morgan (2023) also argued that training is essential for adopting technology. From a Strategic Management Theory perspective, the inadequate training reflects a strategic weakness. Murphy and Seriki (2021) emphasise that a lack of investment in training programs can prevent firms from fully capitalising on new technologies, ultimately limiting their competitive advantage. Likewise, Rogers (2003) diffusion of innovation theory stresses the importance of knowledge and skill capacity building and its influence on people’s decision to change or adopt. These results indicate that Quantity Surveying firms must address barriers such as a shortage of skilled personnel, inadequate training, a lack of technical expertise and resistance to change by empowering workers to understand the need to adopt emerging technologies in their profession and to adopt them. Enhancing these areas is crucial for the effective implementation of modern technology.
Resistance to change is another significant barrier identified in the survey (78% RII). Shayan et al. (2019) emphasised the importance of overcoming resistance to change as an obstacle to technological advancements. Forcael et al. (2020) claimed that overcoming resistance can lead to more efficient construction projects. Resistance to change can delay or completely block the adoption of modern technologies. Overcoming this barrier requires a strategic approach that involves change management, leadership involvement, and clear communication about the benefits of technology. The finding also relates to the diffusion of innovation theory principles of Greenhalgh et al. (2004), which states that when people do not see the advantages, compatibility, trialability, ease of use and the associated superior benefits of the technology, resistance to innovation adoption will be reduced. Educating professionals on how technology can enhance their work and addressing fears about job security or unfamiliarity with new tools are critical to adoption. In addition, overcoming resistance to change and fostering continuous learning enabled firms to leverage technological advancements, such as AI, BIM and automation, more effectively. Promoting collaboration and knowledge sharing is essential for enhancing technology adoption. According to Jones (2020), collaboration can revolutionise the construction industry through technology. Bukartaite and Hooper (2023) emphasised the growing importance of collaboration in the adoption of new technologies. Overcoming resistance to change is another vital strategy. Shayan et al. (2019) noted that resistance to change hinders the adoption of technology and emphasised the importance of overcoming this resistance to fully benefit from technology. This finding is significant because if resistance to change is not addressed, technology adoption efforts may fail, wasting resources and limiting their effectiveness.
The results showed that the lack of technical expertise of technology benefits. Matthews et al. (2023) argued that resistance to change stems from a need for greater understanding and expertise, supporting Rogers’ (2003) proposition in the diffusion of innovation, which emphasised the importance of knowledge and awareness of innovation. Connolly (2024) stated that quantity surveyors often require assistance in understanding the benefits of technology. Lombardo (2020) suggests that firms with high adoption rates start by incorporating day-to-day technology to build understanding, in line with innovation trialability as an underlying factor for innovation adoption proposed by Greenhalgh et al. (2004) and the diffusion of innovation theory. McClone (2019) highlighted that ongoing assistance and training can reduce the need for more technical expertise. This suggests that respondents in this study may also face challenges in fully grasping how modern technologies, such as AI or cloud-based systems, can enhance their work. Greenhalgh et al. (2004) suggest that if people perceive that a proposed innovation offers a superior advantage over the current one, they are likely to adopt it. This finding is significant as it highlights the need for training and support to build technical expertise within QS firms. Initiatives such as workshops, pilot projects, and case studies may help address these knowledge gaps.
A lack of understanding of technology’s benefits also hindered Irish QS firms’ ability to adopt it. This might have been exacerbated by the resistance to change from the traditional approach to the new approach. Connolly (2024) suggests that people often resist change due to a lack of foresight regarding the benefits of new task-performing methodologies in the workplace. Knowing the benefits of something enhances one’s tendency to accept and adopt it. For instance, Regona et al. (2022) highlight the prospects of AI, which can offer a competitive edge by reducing financial expenses, enhancing the productivity and efficiency of on-site staff and decreasing the time dedicated to monotonous tasks by using large data sets. Thus, if QS firms understand these benefits, they will be able to implement AI in their operations, reducing operational costs, improving efficiency and enhancing productivity. According to Seidu et al. (2020), AI is revolutionising QS practices by automating cost estimation, contract analysis and risk assessment. AI-driven predictive analytics help anticipate cost fluctuations and optimise procurement strategies, thereby reducing budgeting errors. Despite these benefits, only a small percentage of QS professionals in Ireland have received AI-specific training, which limits its widespread application, possibly due to a lack of appreciation for the benefits involved (Regona et al., 2022).
Compatibility issues with existing systems also hinder QS firms from implementing modern technology in their operations. This has also been acknowledged by Rogers (2003) in the diffusion of innovation theory, where he emphasised that innovation compatibility influences adoption rates: if innovation is compatible with users’ needs, they will not adopt it. Due to the traditional nature of their current operation, the interface between the current system and modern systems is often problematic, requiring them to replace the entire system, which carries significant financial implications. Compatibility issues may manifest in various forms, including regulatory and safety compliance requirements. This issue has also been identified by other researchers. For instance, Liang et al. (2023) note that AI and robotics are increasingly significant in the construction sector, enhancing project efficiency and effectiveness in terms of safety, productivity and quality. However, addressing ethical considerations is vital to their implementation (Liang et al., 2023). Likewise, Lalrochunga et al. (2020) suggest that automation raises new safety concerns, including malfunctions, system failures and cyber threats, despite its potential to reduce accidents caused by human error. The utilisation of drones faces notable obstacles due to insufficient government regulations, laws and guidelines. The safe and regular operation of drones in airspace is hindered by various factors, including technology limits, regulatory impediments, workload challenges and coordination difficulties (Aiyetan and Das, 2023).
A lack of resources to accommodate technology is also an issue for many Irish QS firms. Where resources are absent within an organisation, the eagerness to institute changes in operational methods diminishes. Because many QS firms are relatively small, a lack of adequate resources often hinders their willingness to adopt modern technology in their operations, a problem further compounded by financial constraints. Although budget constraints are ranked lowest in the current study, Morgan (2023) argued that limited budgets hinder the integration of new technologies. From an innovation diffusion theory viewpoint, the relatively low concern about budget constraints suggests that firms may overestimate the financial barriers to technology adoption (Rogers, 2003). Bukartaite and Hooper (2023) suggest that innovative approaches, such as government subsidies or collaborative initiatives, can reduce costs and encourage more widespread adoption of technology. Hossain et al. (2020) found that financial constraints impede the implementation of modern technologies such as BIM. Although not the primary barrier, this finding remains relevant. Financial constraints can limit investment in new technologies. Government grants, subsidies or industry collaborations could help mitigate these concerns. Providing financial incentives for training and technology adoption could help small and medium-sized firms overcome budget constraints. The ranking of budget constraints as the lowest concern in the study may suggest that other challenges, such as the shortage of skilled personnel, inadequate training and resistance to change, are viewed as more immediate and pressing barriers to technology adoption. It could also imply that some QS firms are managing financial constraints effectively, possibly through access to government grants or industry incentives or by adopting technologies incrementally to spread costs over time. From the results, it could be inferred that enhancing technology adoption required a multifaceted approach. Key strategies included promoting collaboration, overcoming resistance to change, addressing skills shortages, integrating emerging technologies, securing government support, providing financial incentives and identifying specific skills that could improve technology adoption in QS firms. These strategies were critical for addressing challenges such as fierce competition, a shortage of skilled personnel, and disruptive innovations. Integrating modern technology helped firms enhance productivity, improve accuracy and streamline processes, allowing them to stay competitive in an evolving industry.
Implications of the findings
Policy implications
The results suggest that while addressing barriers such as inadequate training, skill shortages and resistance to change is important, the focus should not be solely on government intervention. Instead, a multi-stakeholder approach is needed, with private firms, industry associations such as the SCSI, and educational institutions playing significant roles. Firms can lead by collaborating with training centres and technology partners to provide upskilling programs tailored to industry needs. Partnerships between the private sector and educational institutions should also be encouraged to align training with real-world challenges, thereby fostering knowledge sharing and collaborative innovation. Educational institutions need to incorporate emerging technology training into their curricula to enhance graduates’ knowledge, thereby increasing their propensity to adopt technology in the real work environment. In addition, financial incentives for technology investment should extend beyond government programs, with policies that encourage private-sector contributions through tax credits or subsidies.
Practical implications
The practical implications of the findings emphasise the need to address key challenges within QS firms to enhance the adoption of modern technology. Tools such as cloud-based management, modular construction and BIM offer clear benefits, including improved accuracy, cost estimation, and risk management; however, several gaps persist. These gaps include low proficiency in advanced technologies such as AI, blockchain, and augmented reality, inadequate training in these tools and resistance to change within firms. Practical steps must prioritise targeted training programs collaborating with educational institutions and technology providers to deliver flexible, accessible, and hands-on training. The practical steps include in-house workshops and pilot projects that allow QS firms to gain practical experience with new technologies. In addition, fostering adaptability and innovation can be achieved through change management programs that actively promote the benefits of technology and implement pilot projects to mitigate resistance to change. Collaboration between QS firms, technology providers, and educational institutions is essential for providing tailored training that reflects industry needs. Pilot projects and partnerships provide safe environments for testing new technologies before their large-scale implementation, thereby helping to mitigate risks.
Conclusion
The application of technology in sectors and organisations has seen a tremendous rise in recent times. Thus, QS firms in Ireland should adopt this trend to reap the associated benefits for their own sustainability. This study was therefore undertaken to assess the obstacles to the adoption of technology applicable to QS firms in Ireland. The key findings indicate that the adoption of modern technology within QS firms is moderate, while acknowledging its benefits, such as improved measurement accuracy, reduced costs, enhanced estimation and improved risk management. Despite these benefits, the results highlighted significant barriers to technology adoption, including a shortage of skilled personnel, inadequate training, resistance to change, a lack of technical expertise and budget constraints. The slow pace of technology adoption in QS firms is primarily due to challenges in integrating advanced technologies, resulting from limited resources and technical expertise. There is also a gap in continuous learning and upskilling, as firms are not investing sufficiently in training for modern technologies. Based on these findings, the study recommends that QS firms adopt a structured approach to ensure the successful integration of modern technology, which includes offering incentives to staff, investing in Research and Development (R&D), providing training, conducting pilot projects and collaborating with technology providers. Firms should establish clear guidelines for technology adoption and invest in training programs that equip their employees with the necessary competencies. Firms must launch a pilot project to test a new AI-based cost estimation tool on a smaller scale before rolling it out across the organisation. Providing incentives for staff who embrace new technologies or gain relevant certifications can motivate employees to engage more fully with technological advancements. Collaborating with technology providers can also ensure that the firm receives ongoing support and access to the latest advancements. In addition, firms should cultivate a culture of innovation by organising internal workshops and leadership training that encourage staff to proactively embrace new technologies. Promoting staff awareness of the potential benefits of upskilling their technological competencies not only enhances employee performance but also boosts the firm’s overall efficiency and competitiveness. Investing in staff training on modern technology, although it incurs some costs, yields substantial long-term benefits, including improved productivity, reduced errors and more efficient processes. Recognising and rewarding employees who achieve certifications or demonstrate proficiency in new tools can motivate the workforce to engage with technological advancements. Future studies should investigate the effects of and solutions to barriers to technology adoption. Understanding these barriers in detail will provide actionable insights to overcome them.
