... highly learning‐oriented exhibited higher expectancy and valence levels. Different results were found by Smith et al. (2008) . Using expectancy theory and goal theory, the authors showed that both types of goal orientation (i.e. performance and learning) had significant positive paths...

...Alan D. Smith; William T. Rupp One major purpose of performance appraisals is to determine individual merit, especially where pay for performance systems are employed. Based upon expectancy theory, high performance ratings should entail high merit increases while low performance ratings result...