Enhancing Human Involvement in Organisations — A Paradigm for Participation

Leadership and management gain success from understanding that organisational participation comes through the commitment and involvement of individuals working with one another. The question facing managers is how to encourage and develop organisational participation. The key to unlocking participation is the types of individual behaviour necessary for an effective organisation. These behaviours are classified into four operating modes, referred to as levels — each sequential and interlocking. They are Level I — the individual, Level II — face‐to‐face teams, Level III — the group or divisional level, and Level IV — the organisational policy and strategy level. Each of these is divided into tasks for its members.