... Emerald Publishing Limited 2024 Emerald Publishing Limited Licensed re-use rights only Agency theory Upper echelons theory Managerial myopia Short-termism Excessive financialization Over the past decades, the financial decision-making baseline has changed from “retain and reinvest...

... number of managers willing to undergo psychological tests and interviews (Hambrick, 2007). Upper echelons theory provides a solution to these problems by suggesting that observable characteristics of managers are proxies that indicate cognitive basis and values (Carpenter et al., 2004...