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Due to diurnal variations of illumination, temperature and other environmental factors resulting from the axial rotation of the earth, all living organisms have an imposed diurnal or Circadian cycle. The term “Circadian” from the Latin “circa” — around — and “diem” — the day — was first described by Halberg and denotes alternating periods of sleep and wakefulness which have a rhythmic background of metabolic changes affecting all bodily systems including body temperature, changes in the chemical constituents of the blood, kidney and liver function, the digestive and gastro‐intestinal tract, endocrine glands and the respiratory system.

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