... and ChatGPT provided support for data extraction and triangulation. Findings The results reveal a systemic transition from content-driven curricula to outcome-based education ( OBE ) models, emphasizing constructive alignment, stakeholder participation and continuous improvement. However, challenges...

... education Assessment framework Competency-based assessment The increasing adoption of outcome-based education (OBE) has brought renewed attention to the importance of defining, measuring and assuring learning outcomes in higher education. Across systems, there is a growing expectation...