.... This study aims to ensures efficient, smooth and safe trajectory planning while mitigating computational overhead and improving performance in high-complexity environments. Design/methodology/approach Collision-free time efficient navigation is the fundamental requirement in the field of unmanned...

.... Consequently, the number of sharp turns is reduced by implementing the improved version of the BC technique as detailed in Section 4.2. These two modified approaches are linked together to solve the path optimization problem that results in time-efficient navigation of unmanned vehicles. Ravinder Singh...