India has adopted a vertical, sector-led AI governance strategy. While promoting innovation, such a light-touch approach risks policy fragmentation. This paper aims to propose a cohesive “whole-of-government” architecture to mitigate these risks and connect policy goals with a practical implementation plan.
The paper applies an established five-layer conceptual framework to the Indian context. First, it constructs a national architecture for overall governance. Second, it uses a detailed case study on AI incident management to validate and demonstrate the architecture’s practical utility in designing a specific, operational system.
The paper develops two actionable architectures. The primary model assigns clear governance roles to India’s key institutions. The second is a detailed, federated architecture for national AI Incident Management. It addresses the data silo problem by using a common national standard that allows sector-specific data collection while facilitating cross-sectoral analysis.
The proposed architectures offer a clear and predictable roadmap for India’s policymakers, regulators and industry to accelerate the national AI governance agenda.
By providing a systematic path from policy to practice, the architecture builds public trust. This structured approach ensures accountability and aligns AI development with societal values.
This paper proposes a detailed operational architecture for India’s “whole-of-government” approach to AI. It offers a globally relevant template for any nation pursuing a sector-led governance model, providing a clear implementation plan. Furthermore, the proposed federated architecture demonstrates how adopting common standards can enable cross-border data aggregation and global sectoral risk analysis without centralising control.
