Opportunities and challenges of digital twin applications in the Middle East construction industry

According to Shahzad et al. (2022), Digital Twin (DT) is an exact digital representation of systems, resources or processes in the constructed world; it has gained significant attention in the construction industry (CI) and is rapidly advancing (Opoku et al., 2021). In time, it has gained popularity for its ability to remotely monitor, control and optimize work processes in real-time within construction projects (Rafsanjani and Nabizadeh, 2023). According to Rasheed et al. (2020), DT has the potential to improve efficiency, productivity, quality, safety and innovation while also offering cost savings, enhanced project management capabilities and improved collaboration among stakeholders. Similarly, Stonehaven (2024) suggests that DT can enhance energy consumption, material utilization and overall environmental performance, supporting projects in achieving leadership in energy and environmental design (LEED) and building research establishment environmental assessment methodology (BREEAM) certification standards. In addition, well-informed and trusted “what if” scenario evaluations support effective decision-making processes and make DT highly desirable in the construction industry (Sacks et al., 2020). However, as Rizvi (2021) points out, DT’s acceptance in the Middle East (ME) CI has been slow despite the technology’s potential advantages. Stonehaven (2024) added that the limited sharing of successful DT implementation case studies further impedes widespread acceptance in the ME.

The World Economic Forum suggests that full-scale digitalization could lead to cost savings of around $77bn to $1.2tn in design, engineering and construction sectors over the next decade (Rizvi, 2021). The CI in the ME is an important industry that contributes significantly to the region’s economic growth (Cherian, 2008). Existing literature primarily explores DT benefits in broader or international contexts, leaving a critical gap in understanding its practical applications in addressing the region-specific challenges of the Middle Eastern construction industry (Opoku et al., 2023); it remains an under-researched theme in the way that DT can support design and construction (Sacks et al., 2020). (Turner and Townsend, 2024) indicate that while over 60% of regional construction stakeholders are adopting digital strategies, including DTs, challenges such as resistance to change, cybersecurity concerns and a lack of comprehensive training hinder full-scale adoption.

This study aims to fill these gaps by systematically investigating the advantages, challenges and awareness of DT technology in the ME. It seeks to provide region-specific insights and investigates the requisites for facilitating DT adoption in the ME CI. The study also proposes effective solutions to overcome the challenges of implementing DT in the region while identifying both technical and nontechnical barriers. By bridging the gap between theoretical knowledge and practical application, this research contributes to the development of strategies for the successful integration of DT technology into the construction industry, ultimately supporting the industry’s transition toward innovation and sustainability in the Middle Eastern context.

This paper starts with a detailed literature review on DT in the CI (Section 2), followed by an explanation of the methodology adopted (Section 3). The analysis results are explained in detail, as mentioned by the professionals who participated in the interviews in Section 4. Section 5 compares the study outcomes with similar studies and highlights the common challenges of implementing the DT in the CI in different countries around the world. Finally, the paper concludes with recommendations targeted at the ME CI, future research opportunities and actions for implementing DT in the ME.

The concept of DT is relatively new, emerging alongside the development of Internet of Things (IoT) technology (Grieves and Vickers, 2016). There is a notable alteration between DT, digital 3D models and digital shadow (DS) (Sepasgozar, 2021). If a virtual model represents the physical model only, with a one-way data stream from a digital model to a physical object, this is a DS (Sepasgozar, 2021). However, in a DT, both the virtual and physical objects must connect with a bi-directional flow of data between digital and physical entities. The definition of DT can vary among researchers and in applications. Grieves and Vickers (2016) defined DT as a collection of virtual information that offers a description of a product encompassing from its smallest components to its overall shape and design. Jiang et al. (2021) explain National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s definition of DT as a simulated, as-built vehicle or system that reflects the corresponding flying twin’s life. Kritzinger et al. (2018) suggest that data flow between physical and digital objects should be integrated into a DT, where the digital object acts as a controlling entity of the physical object. Any changes in the physical object’s status directly affect the digital object’s status and vice versa.

In construction, DT is defined as “the virtual representation of a physical asset using sensors, communication networks and 3D models to obtain real-time updates and effect bi-directional coordination such that the virtual model represents a replica of the physical asset” (Madubuike et al., 2022).

According to Tao et al. (2019), DTs consist of five essential components: a physical component, a virtual component, connections, data and services. The physical component serves as the basis for the virtual part, which replicates the physical component in a controlled environment. Connections play a role in facilitating the exchange of data and control. At the same time, the DT is responsible for providing services such as simulation, decision-making, monitoring and control of the physical object. Data is important in driving these services and enhancing the convenience, reliability and productivity of the system. A DT uses representations to mirror its physical counterpart, necessitating data transfer from the physical object to its virtual counterpart for a seamless connection (Kritzinger et al., 2018). Depending on cases and system requirements, there are instances where the virtual component can even exert control over the object.

According to Stonehaven (2024), in the Middle East, where large-scale projects are advancing smart infrastructure, DTs are becoming essential tools. They allow engineers and contractors to anticipate and address potential issues in advance, resulting in fewer delays, reduced costs and enhanced sustainability. The Price water house Coopers International Limited (PwCIL) Report on “How Digital Twins Can Make Smarter Cities” also highlighted that DTs are being used in the planning of Dubai’s 2040 Urban Master Plan, which aims to accommodate an additional 2.5 million residents through more efficient resource management and infrastructure planning.

DT technologies increase facility management efficiency and boost worker proficiency, leading to reduced construction and operational costs (Bolton et al., 2018; Evans et al., 2020; Akanmu et al., 2014). Moreover, Farmer (2016) argued that DT is becoming more innovative, providing smart solutions for several problems facing the CI, such as low productivity, negative industry image and limited predictability.

DT can support the facility’s performance and operations through cost-benefit analysis, which can deliver a significant return on investment and value in the long term (Madni et al., 2019). It also addresses warranty costs, service improvements, operational costs and revenue growth opportunities (Deloitte, 2017).

DT can provide effective data and resources management, anomaly detection for maintenance and access control and management. Deloitte (2017) has identified “improved quality, warranty cost and services, operational costs, record retention and serialization, new product introduction cost and lead-time and revenue growth opportunities” as other benefits of DT. In addition, according to the researchers, DT can monitor and diagnose the state of assets, as well as provide preventive predictions, by using multi-sourced data acquired via sensors, historical data or simulations (Yitmen et al., 2021).

DT provides real-time monitoring and simulation, offering predictive maintenance, energy consumption management and user comfort prediction through enabling technologies like IoT and simulations (Deng et al., 2021; Zhang et al., 2022). In addition, the data obtained by DT can be stored in a database and subsequently used by designers in future projects (Qi and Tao, 2018). This can aid in decision-making pertaining to material selection, energy management, procurement and supplier selection. Lu et al. (2020) presented a system for anomaly detection that uses a DT and a collection of monitored data containing diagnostic information about the operational state of assets. The study revealed that the digital twin-based anomaly detection system can offer uninterrupted monitoring of the condition of building assets.

DT has the potential to improve productivity using predictive analytics and mitigate the various issues confronting the CI (Lee et al., 2013). Johnson Controls (2019) and Noskowski (2019) highlighted that applying DT in the built environment enhances the visibility of physical asset operations. It predicts the future state of buildings, simulates various conditions for “what-if analysis,” documents and communicates behaviors and connects diverse systems for achieving business outcomes. In addition, Broo and Schooling (2021) emphasize that using artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML) and predictive algorithms enables forecasting future events. This requires the identification of potential bottlenecks through past data analysis and prediction of future incidents.

DT provides continuous monitoring of building asset conditions and facilitates anomaly detection, ensuring the operational state of assets is always up to date (Lu et al., 2020). It allows for uninterrupted monitoring and diagnostic data collection throughout the building’s lifecycle (Macchi et al., 2018).

To effectively implement DT, the CI needs to address its longstanding challenges. One of the key challenges is technically related challenges such as data quality issues, including data accuracy (Khayyal et al., 2022), data availability (D’hauwers et al., 2021) and information loss during data extraction (Lu et al., 2020). Another technical challenge is related to interoperability to ensure software compatibility (Petrova-Antonova and Ilieva, 2019; Zhu et al., 2019; Xu et al., 2020; Lei et al., 2023). Integrating data with software related to building information modeling (BIM) is a continuous and demanding application. Interoperability is associated with two aspects: data standards that require high-level designs (Nguyen and Kolbe, 2020) and inconsistent acceptance within domestic regulations (D’hauwers et al., 2021). The CI complexity, which involves trades and fragmented components, poses a challenge for data integration, which is crucial for digital technologies such as DT (Opoku et al., 2023). Some other technical challenges include scalability issues, maintaining internet connectivity and limitations in hardware/software accessibility (Rafsanjani and Nabizadeh, 2023). Constraints in hardware and software hinder effective bidirectional data transfer, limiting the realization of DT in the CI.

Another challenge is related to financing, as highlighted by Lei et al. (2023), who concluded that financing is an essential factor in operating DT. Moreover, Madni et al. (2019) point out that companies should be aware that DT requires a great cost when used in a project. The first aspect relates to the cost of equipment, including expenses involved in obtaining software licenses, acquiring sensors and computational resources or acquiring commercial data (Adamkó et al., 2014). Moreover, the cost of connectivity, regular maintenance of remote sensing and actuator devices and updating the technology and software are also high. Another point to consider is the cost of human resources, such as hiring specialized personnel, training teams and seeking the consultation of experts (Opoku et al., 2023).

A solid understanding of DT concepts and benefits is essential for successful implementation in the CI. However, barriers to DT acceptance and adoption in the industry include inadequate knowledge, unclear value propositions, professional disconnection, insufficient competency and unrealistic expectations (Rao et al., 2022; Lu et al., 2020; Ozturk, 2021). Confusion among construction stakeholders about the DT concept has led to discussions without clear understanding, contributing to the industry’s underutilization of digital technology (Opoku et al., 2023). The lack of consensus on DT capabilities further hinders digitalization in the CI.

The adoption of DT and related technologies, such as BIM, in the CI faces challenges due to the absence of government initiatives and legal and ethical concerns about data breaches (Greif et al., 2020; Ullah et al., 2021). The lack of government support impedes DT implementation. To encourage DT usage, governments should introduce initiatives and policies, recognizing the potential benefits. However, only a limited number of governments have integrated DT technology into their construction industries.

Fragmentation in the supply chain and project complexities pose another challenge to implementing DT. In addition, building data’s static nature hinders DT implementation as they require real-time data to depict the structure’s state and nature (Opoku et al., 2022). Real-time dynamic data is crucial to create DT and optimize maintenance during facility management (Turner et al., 2021). Automating digital model updates is crucial for DT consideration. Using real-time data adds value to building management, and the CI needs a significant transformation to enable the utilization of complex real-time data sensing and analysis to enhance the smooth implementation of DT.

Various sectors encounter challenges in managing specific data types, hampering data access across municipalities, public institutions and private companies (Mylonas et al., 2021). Limited data-sharing networks impede diverse data accessibility. Ambiguous data ownership further complicates resource access (Petrova-Antonova and Ilieva, 2019). Trustworthiness is paramount in DT implementation, particularly when multiple systems exchange vast amounts of information, to prevent inadvertent exposure or leakage of personal data (Lei et al., 2023; D’hauwers et al., 2021). Maintaining data confidentiality, integrity and availability throughout the DT lifecycle is crucial for system trustworthiness, achievable through robust security protocols and strict data protection measures (D’hauwers et al., 2021).

This study was initiated by undertaking an extensive literature review of DT technology in the context of the CI. The comprehensive literature review encompassed an examination of 60 articles relevant to DT within the CI, published until the year 2023. These articles were obtained from databases involving Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar. Afterward, these articles were analyzed with a focus on understanding DT definitions, DT components and DT applications throughout the project phases, as well as their benefits and challenges.

Therefore, the literature review aimed to explain the various definitions of DT from various industries and the definition of DT in the context of the CI domain, as well as to expound upon its constituent elements and varied applications. Concurrently, the literature survey revealed a multitude of applications and advantages associated with DT implementation in the CI. Conversely, it also illuminated a scale of challenges that construction firms encounter in the process of adopting DT methodologies.

The literature review was followed by semi-structured interviews.  Appendix shows the interview questions. It is noteworthy that this research methodology has been previously used in scholarly inquiries, as evidenced by the works of Ammar et al. (2022), Gautam (2022), Broo and Schooling (2021), Shahzad et al. (2022) and Meng et al. (2023). Given that DT represents a relatively new concept within the CI, it is imperative to undertake further research to foster a more profound comprehension of its multifaceted aspects. This necessitates an exploration of its real value, effects, essential infrastructure, the most efficacious technology tools embraced by the interviewees’ organizations in conjunction with DT, regulatory requirements, as well as the challenges associated with its introduction and integration with existing technologies used in construction projects. In situations where the concept is still emerging and inadequately explored, an exploratory research design is appropriate.

According to Mashuri et al. (2022), semi-structured interviews are considered a way to delve deeper and explore insights. Shahzad et al. (2022) further argue that semi-structured interviews provide a means of collecting data, enabling researchers to gather participants’ perspectives, information and detailed responses to research questions. In this study, data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 10 experienced construction practitioners working in countries within the ME that demonstrate a strong interest in adopting digital twin technologies. The selected participants, with extensive experience and leadership roles in digital construction, provide expert insights, ensuring that the data collected is rich and comprehensive, thus supporting the study’s goal of gaining a deeper understanding of DT integration in the Middle East. The selection criteria for participants focused on professionals with extensive experience and leadership roles in digital construction and DTs within the construction industry. Participants were required to possess significant professional experience, ranging from 7 to 26 years, in fields closely related to the integration of digital technologies and sustainability in the built environment. In addition, the participants’ qualifications underscored their advanced expertise, with most holding master’s degrees or specialized credentials in disciplines such as architectural engineering, construction management and business administration. These qualifications further reinforced their ability to provide valuable insights into the research.

The questions aimed to explore the adoption and impact of DT technology in the CI in the ME, covering key themes such as current trends and the perceived importance of DT solutions. They investigate areas where DT has the most positive impact, leadership’s understanding of its benefits and the complementary technologies used alongside DT, such as AI, BIM, IoT and augmented reality(AR)/virtual reality (VR). In addition, the interviewees were asked to elaborate on technical requirements and challenges the CI and construction companies should address and overcome for DT implementation, as well as regulatory or legal obstacles that may hinder adoption. Furthermore, the questions delve into strategies for encouraging DT adoption, methods for measuring its benefits – such as sustainability and efficiency – and the implications of scaling DT deployment on data management complexity. These questions collectively aim to provide a comprehensive understanding of the factors influencing DT adoption in the region and the steps needed to advance its integration.

The interviews were conducted virtually using platforms such as Zoom or MS Teams. As Mason (2017) suggests, such interviews involve open-ended questions that encourage participants to share their thoughts and provide answers. This approach allows us to gain insights into the experiences and motivations of the participants, thus shedding light on the challenges faced by stakeholders in implementing DT in the ME CI.

Table 1 provides an overview of the participants’ profiles. The interviews lasted for a total of eleven hours, after which the online discussions were carefully transcribed. Prior to recording the sessions, permission was obtained from all interviewees.

The transcribed interviews were then analyzed using thematic analysis on NVivo 14 software. According to Guest et al. (2011), thematic analysis is a technique used to analyze qualitative data systematically and coherently, producing insightful results that are in line with the goals of a study.

In this study, after transcribing the participants’ responses regarding the advantages of implementing DT in the CI in the ME and how these advantages can be measured, the conversation underwent a coding process. Labra et al. (2020) define a code as a type of unprocessed data that is taken from interviews and is used as a brief description of the information or data that the researcher produces. Illustrative codes used to characterize the interview data encompass terms such as collaboration, communication, cost, customer satisfaction, documentation, analysis, efficiency, sustainability, maintenance, personalization, real-time monitoring, risk assessment, safety, DT impact and benefit measurement.

Regarding the interview question concerning challenges and obstacles faced by construction companies when adopting DT in the ME, as well as participants’ suggestions to address these issues, the respondents were prompted to provide insights into the hindrances and difficulties they anticipated their organizations, and the industry would encounter in implementing DT. The interview transcripts underwent inquiry and analysis, resulting in the identification of various challenges. These challenges were categorized into codes, including awareness, initial expenses, academia, cultural factors, infrastructure, governmental aspects, integration, knowledge and comprehension, resistance, security, standards, technological tools, BIM, DT prerequisites, legal requirements and proposed solutions and recommendations.

Subsequently, the codes were reviewed to identify themes. “The theme is a sequence of words that serve as a synoptic and accurate representation of the signification that interviewees attribute to the subject matter (Labra et al., 2020).” This approach yielded the recognition of 10 themes, which collectively express the industry practitioners’ perspectives on the research dimensions. The identified themes include trend and maturity, data management, the requirements of DT, tools support DT, BIM, legal considerations, DT benefits, measuring the benefits, challenges and barriers, and participants’ recommendations.

In the ME, the CI grapples with an abundance of vendors promoting DT as a cutting-edge solution. Despite the buzz surrounding DT, potential clients often lack understanding, leading to prolonged assessment periods before investment. The ME is home to some progressive projects that allow a fertile ground for applying DT technologies on a grand scale. The region is undergoing swift development and transformation and is known for its innovative infrastructure and large-scale projects, such as Saudi Arabia’s NEOM and Burj Khalifa. Therefore, organizations in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) and Egypt are key players in the CI, actively integrating DT. The UAE aligns with global technological advancements, while Qatar, Kuwait, Bahrain and Oman also embrace DT. Challenges in the ME are mainly associated with project delays, hindering sustainable development. Efforts concentrate on reducing project times, improving quality and minimizing costs as the key pillars of DT implementation. Despite progress, ME CI is still in its early stages in adopting DT when compared to other countries. According to Opoku et al. (2023), the USA, China, Germany and the UK (UK) are countries leading the implementation of DT in the CI. The organizations in the ME prioritize understanding benefits, values, strategies, implementation timelines, costs and potential savings before committing to DT.

Today, staying up to date with technology is deemed beneficial. DT represents the future of the CI. Incorporating DT can greatly improve various aspects of organizational planning, design, construction and operations, offering numerous advantages. The interviews conducted revealed that DT offers capabilities in construction projects as depicted in Figure 1. A DT not only looks like the asset, but it also performs like the actual asset. DT can deliver present data on a building’s performance, its subsystems and how it is being affected by inhabitant behavior. A two-way linking between the digital and physical asset is allowed by sensors, whereas technologies such as “artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning and the internet of things (IoT) provide DT the capacity to learn, update and connect with their physical counterparts by trading data through the asset’s lifecycle.” By using a single source of digital data, project management becomes more streamlined, ensuring that crucial information is easily accessible throughout the project. DT can also fill data gaps and make forecasts on unforeseen situations while continuously improving the operative performance.

The findings also highlight that adopting DT presents cost-saving opportunities and enhances communication among stakeholders. In addition, DT helps overcome the challenge of losing data when personnel leave the company during a project, ultimately improving project continuity and efficiency.

According to the interviews, DT technology is perceived as an effective means of delivering well-organized information in construction projects and facilitating streamlined processes. From the perspective of asset owners and operators, it was emphasized that one of the significant benefits of DT implementation lies in improved communication and documentation processes, as many personnel may leave the company during a project, leaving uncertainty about what has been delivered and what remains pending. The implementation of DT addresses this challenge by providing a single source of digital data, ensuring easy access to all relevant information and enabling smooth transitions between project stages. Unlike conventional methods involving electronic or hard copies, DT allows for convenient retrieval of design-stage information during the operational phase.

The interview results show that real-time monitoring and control emerge as a major benefit of DT implementation, particularly for predictive maintenance and risk assessment. The ability to analyze data and predict future maintenance needs is highlighted as a main advantage for DT utilization. The discussion also delves into the impact of DT on decision-making processes, and its role in supporting the operational phase of construction projects. By providing real-time data and insights, DT facilitates decision-making that enhances construction processes, leading to improved efficiency and reduced rework and delays. According to a study by Ammar et al. (2022), construction projects involve decision-making throughout their lifecycle. With advancements in computing, data science and AI technology, DT offers opportunities to leverage these technologies for scenario-based analysis and simulations to gain insights from data and aid in decision-making. One of the participants mentioned that DT could assess each equipment component and provide information about its status, indicating if it is expected to function in the coming months. This predictive understanding eliminates breakdowns and the need for repairs, enabling efficient maintenance decisions. Interviewees highlighted DT’s capabilities in terms of risk assessment since DT helps organizations anticipate issues and take measures. This approach mitigates disruptions and enhances project outcomes. DT technology allows for an understanding of the reasons behind errors while providing insights into measures. The system’s ability to offer recommendations for future-proofing equipment is particularly valuable.

Customer satisfaction is a broader concept that is not necessarily directly linked to a specific topic such as DT. When a project is executed effectively, resulting in cost savings and the implementation of predictive maintenance measures, the client is likely to experience a higher level of contentment. Consequently, customer satisfaction becomes a subsequent outcome of successful project execution, and the benefits derived from DT implementation. However, DT’s impact on customer satisfaction is underscored, attributing it to the technology’s ability to provide detailed insights into asset performance and recommend maintenance actions. Asset owners can maintain their assets proactively with the help of DT’s predictive maintenance guidance, which increases asset reliability and boosts customer satisfaction. Likewise, contractors need to support DT because predictive maintenance and scheduling are significant for their operations. Furthermore, providing consumers with 3D models improves their overall experience by enabling them to see their assets before doing a physical examination and by improving their comprehension of the actual assets. Contractors need to enable DT since it helps the information to come at the right time.

With the advancements in computing, data science and AI technology new opportunities emerge as these technologies have the potential to improve efficiency and productivity.

The views expressed by the participants about the role of DT technology to increase organizational effectiveness show the diversity of viewpoints among experts in the field. Four participants explained the significance of DT to their organization, characterizing it as a technology that is vital for enhancing operational effectiveness. It is further added that DT is an essential technology that is required for enhancing efficiency inside the organizational structure. In sharp contrast to this assertion, other participants provided a more nuanced viewpoint. They contended that operational efficiency is complex and dependent on several factors, not all of which are directly connected to DT technology. That includes the limited supply of materials, workspace limitations and logistical challenges. The participants also highlighted the indirect effects of DT on safety, pointing to sensors’ ongoing monitoring capabilities.

The findings also recognize that DT technology can offer real-time data and well-structured, precise information regarding asset performance. Consequently, this capability helps in minimizing rework and enhancing the decision-making process. Using DT, the required materials for a project can be calculated accurately, minimizing or even eliminating material wastage. This not only ensures efficient resource utilization but also aligns sustainability goals by reducing construction material waste and its associated environmental impact. In addition, energy efficiency can be achieved by creating a 3D BIM model integrated with IoT sensors that monitor temperature-related data. This integration leads to automatic energy savings and reduced consumption, as highlighted by one of the participants that DT allows to “build before building.” Furthermore, DT systems provide valuable indicators about a building’s lifespan and precise information about its components, facilitating the reuse of materials and building components, thereby promoting sustainability.

Johnson Controls (2019) and Noskowski (2019) also reported that applying DT in the built environment increases the visibility of physical asset operations, predicts the future state of buildings, simulates different conditions for “what-if analysis,” documents and communicates to understand and explain behaviors and connects different systems to achieve business outcomes. DT in construction also facilitates automated progress monitoring, updated as-built drawings/models, resource planning and logistics, safety monitoring and risk decreasing, quality assessment, equipment optimization, worker and facility monitoring, decision making and sustainable development (Ioannis Brilakis et al., 2019). In addition, Broo and Schooling (2021) emphasize that using AI, ML and predictive algorithms enables forecasting future events. This requires the identification of potential bottlenecks through past data analysis and prediction of future incidents.

The implementation of DT technology is essential for project energy modeling, monitoring logistical operations and facilities management. It offers facility managers the opportunity to make critical decisions concerning building performance management, maximizing energy efficiency and building operation and maintenance (Opoku et al., 2021). Real-time data gathering helps with predictive maintenance and informed decision-making, thus improving operational efficiency. For example, the DT of a building can enable facility managers to conduct “what-if” analysis and subsequently improve occupant comfort, energy consumption and utilization within the structure (Khajavi et al., 2019). A study conducted by Antonino et al. (2019) demonstrates the value of real-time and historical building occupancy data for managing structures, maximizing maintenance and providing services. In a case study, the authors used image recognition to track people moving throughout an office block and provide real-time occupancy information. They discovered that real-time information on the flow of people through an area under observation is helpful in establishing smart contracts.

Finally, adopting DT can enhance the company’s image and position as a pioneer in the CI, facilitating decision-making processes and allowing for customization and personalization of solutions to suit clients’ specific challenges and requirements. Figure 2 summarizes the main benefits of DT to the interviewees’ organizations.

However, it is important to note that in the CI, the impact of DT on product time to market is limited, with notable exceptions being modular and prefabricated construction. This limitation arises because DT primarily focuses on collecting real-time data during the operational stage, which does not directly influence construction project timelines. Also, the discussion section acknowledges that the benefits of DT may vary depending on the context, project type and level of implementation. Various studies exemplify DT’s advantages in smart homes such as Shahzad et al. (2022), but its effectiveness must be tailored to each unique project.

After discussing the benefits of DT, the interviewees emphasize that the assessment of benefits derived from DT varies based on specific contexts. The extent of advantages centers on how DT is defined, and its application, and they mentioned some examples that could be used in assessing DT benefits

One effective approach to measure the benefits of DT is by analyzing key metrics before and after its integration. This involves examining parameters such as project expenses, energy consumption and maintenance costs. By evaluating these metrics, organizations can quantify improvements directly attributed to DT implementation.

Examining successful DT applications in other regions provides valuable benchmarks for the ME construction industry and examination of countries that have already embraced DT can provide insights. Data and outcomes from other nations, such as Singapore, and North America, can be analyzed. These countries have executed projects like those in the ME context, presenting comparable challenges. Extensive project implementations and available data in these countries offer a point of reference to understanding the supplementary advantages offered by DT. This comparison helps gauge the value added by DT and its effects on financial savings and industry development. For instance, Singapore’s development of “Virtual Singapore,” a comprehensive digital twin of the nation, has enhanced urban planning and infrastructure management. This initiative enables detailed simulations for flood risk assessment and efficient land use planning, demonstrating the potential of large-scale DTs in urban environments (Walker, 2023). Similarly, the adoption of DT for Keppel Bay Tower in North America led to significant energy savings, highlighting how DT enhances building performance and sustainability (Cramp, 2023). Such comparisons enable organizations to identify specific areas where DT has added value, aiding in decision-making and resource optimization.

Customer satisfaction is a critical indicator of DT’s success. Evaluating the differences in performance, safety and efficiency before and after DT implementation provides insights into its value. For example, DTs improve human well-being by enhancing safety protocols and mitigating risks through predictive analytics. In addition, the ability to address stakeholder needs effectively contributes to higher satisfaction levels. This focus on customer and stakeholder experiences highlights the importance of user-centric metrics in assessing DT benefits.

To ensure long-term success, organizations should assess DT performance continuously using key performance indicators (KPIs). Metrics such as financial savings, process efficiency and alignment with organizational goals offer measurable insights into DT’s effectiveness. Regular evaluation allows companies to adapt and optimize DT applications to meet evolving industry demands.

The benefits of DT can also be assessed through its application in specific scenarios. In infrastructure projects, DTs integrated with IoT devices have enabled real-time data collection for maintenance and operational management. For instance, one of the interviewees mentioned that “the integration of IoT devices within tunnel construction. In this scenario, a DT was used to collect real-time data, not only for maintenance but also for operational purposes. This allowed for the prevention of traffic congestion through automated responses, such as adjusting signal lights in case of accidents. Such applications of DT are particularly appropriate to tunnel and infrastructure projects.” Similarly, another participant added that, “in Dubai, a contemporary trend involves retrofitting buildings with amenities like swimming pools and gyms. Through DT, lighting systems can be optimized. A transition from manually operated switches to those linked to IoT, with motion sensors recording usage patterns, exemplifies effective resource conservation.” This illustration underscores the potential of DT to economize energy consumption, particularly within residential domains.

Digital engineering solutions are extensively used in the ME, leading to considerable advancements across diverse projects. For instance, the implementation of advanced technologies in the UAE exemplifies its commitment to adopting cutting-edge solutions, such as AI and blockchain, which are being validated and incorporated into the UAE government business plans (Autodesk, 2021).

According to Participant 1, “The application of digital solutions allows the creation of project replicas, aiding in the resolution of clashes, approvals and virtual preparation prior to physical implementation. This approach minimizes project timelines, ensuring customer satisfaction. Essential tools for DT include AI, ML, IoT and real-time data analytics. These components synergize to facilitate predictive analysis and holistic project insights.” A categorization of tools based on their functionality

The integration of DT with AI and ML is pivotal. Gautam (2022) stated that AI/ML is one of the crucial tools for DT implementation. Rasheed et al. (2020) added that ML and AI tools provide a DT with all the necessary real data; therefore, AI and ML come at the end of the construction work.

IoT takes precedence in the DT toolbox, followed by real-time data analytics and cross-platform connectivity. IoT’s significance lies in data transfer, vital for analytics. According to Kang et al. (2018), BIM and IoT have full view about the building’s status and data utilization efficiency.

Blockchain technology presents a viable solution for handling complex data, promoting transparency and security. Rasheed et al. (2020) argued that in the situation of DT, when security of data is vital, blockchain plays a significant role and eliminates the risk of malicious attacks.

Computer aided design (CAD) establishes a foundational static data set for dynamic construction. CAD and computer aided engineering (CAE), contribute alongside DT. In addition, BIM serves as a key enabler for DT maturity and data efficiency. Participant 5 quoted that “BIM is a design tool that serves as a starting point for DT; however, it isn’t mandatory for DT implementation.”

All the interviewees revealed that VR and AR serve as DT complements but are not fundamental. AR ensures design alignment with client expectations. While DT can function without AR and VR, IoT, sensors, real-time data analysis and AI/ML integration form its essential framework. Participant 6 added that “as a digital group in the ME, we are exploring extended reality solutions like VR, AR, along with BIM, parametric design and automation for enhanced project outcomes.”

The findings of this research reveal a remarkable similarity to the outcomes reported in recent literature, specifically aligning with the studies conducted by Ammar et al. (2022), Shahzad et al. (2022) and Gautam (2022). These scholarly works have contributed valuable insights to the field, and the congruence between their results and the findings presented here underscores the robustness and consistency of the observations regarding DT within the context of the built environment.

In the context of DT implementation, various critical aspects, encompassing proper hardware and software, network robustness, cybersecurity measures, strong machines, servers and an effective network, are imperative. Moreover, new construction projects necessitate a preexisting infrastructure equipped with the requisite components: suitable sensors, skilled networking systems, effective IoT integration mechanisms and input from BIM alongside servers for seamless data transmission. DT implementation should be sequenced in alignment with the establishment of an asset information system and asset management system. BSI (2018) emphasized that data management using BIM is an essential pillar for enabling DT.

Such requisites mirror the foundations upon which the successful operation of DT is predicted. Despite the significant investment and transformative mindset required for DT, it has gained substantial traction in mega projects in Saudi Arabia, presenting a favorable environment for professionals to advance based on their DT comprehension and experience.

The process of selecting a suitable platform for DT deployment should be rooted in the identification of functional requirements. A reliable evaluation of potential tools, their advantages, disadvantages and compatibility with organizational objectives should inform this selection.

Real-time data is vital, whether gathered instantaneously or at regular intervals, necessitating an enabling platform for integration and analysis. Consistency, staff capabilities, historical knowledge and staff continuity are vital for DT endeavors.

The complexity of DT implementation underscores the importance of a skilled workforce, dedicated to continuous improvement and well-versed in historical data. Furthermore, adherence to standards such as ISO 19650 for information management and ISO 55001 for asset management fosters operational consistency and effectiveness.

The core infrastructure for DT revolves around the combination of high-speed internet connectivity, information technology (IT) infrastructure, reliable information sources, adept personnel and validated data. While organizations may possess a wealth of data, its effective utilization hinges upon discerning its relevance and accuracy.

Successful implementation hinges on thorough tool understanding, addressing the organization’s specific needs and involving experienced IT personnel. BSI (2018) highlighted that “for many groups, issues such as education, training, culture and behaviors, were a high priority with new skills required for the effective use of DT.” Table 2 summarizes the key requirements mentioned in the interviews.

According to the interviews, the situation regarding legal requirements for DT technology in the ME is debated. Some clients believe there are no regulations needed for DT, while others want to proceed based on their own understanding due to the absence of government standards. While there are high-level recommendations in the UAE and KSA to implement DT for its benefits in energy efficiency and carbon reduction, six participants agreed that there are no specific legal obstacles or regulations in place. The government has started funding programs that support DT implementation, especially those focused on improving energy consumption. These programs, referred to as “s-code,” involve collaboration between the government and private sector to enhance energy efficiency, with the government receiving a percentage of cost savings from the companies involved.

However, participant 2 added that “there are clear regulatory and legal challenges in this area. Even in the well-established field of BIM, which has been used for over two decades, proper contract integration and legal recognition of BIM models remain unsolved. The legal aspect of construction is still heavily reliant on traditional paperwork and signatures, which lags the digital advancements.” Consequently, participant 2 highly recommended establishing standardized legal contracts covering ownership, accountability and liability for DT data and systems for developers, contractors and operators, among other project stakeholders.

There is recognition that regulatory updates are needed, particularly concerning intellectual property (IP) and AI regulations. As the digital landscape evolves, existing regulations should be updated to account for digital processes. The current emphasis on structured agreements can hinder the digital exchange of work, highlighting the need for legal solutions that facilitate digital integration. The government is gradually shifting its support toward implementing regulations that align with digital transformation. BSI (2018) emphasizes that significant matters such as accountability, legal liability, IP rights, data limitations, technical specifications and security are some of the key concerns in the ME. Some countries have been proactive in creating legal rules to support DT adoption; for example, Saudi Arabia has established a cybercrime law along with its first National Cybersecurity Strategy through its National Cybersecurity Authority (Ibtekr, 2024). Furthermore, in 2016, it issued the “Law No. (13) on protecting Personal Data Privacy,” becoming the first Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) country to adopt a comprehensive data protection law (Reina Legal Privacy, 2021).

While reaping numerous benefits from the adoption of DT, its implementation in the CI poses significant challenges. The researchers gathered 26 challenges from the interviews and categorized them into six themes or groups using thematic analysis. Figure 3 summarizes these challenges in the specifically identified categories, which include the culture and resistance to change, lack of awareness and understanding, human capital improvement, financial problems, contractual rules and problems regarding data. Figure 4 presents the challenges of implementing DT from the perspective of the interviewees.

The prevailing challenge lies in effectively educating all stakeholders about DT and its implications, as their understanding of the technology varies significantly. The question of how to educate all stakeholders is a major challenge, and the extent to which they can grasp and apply the information is another important consideration. In the ME, there is insufficient training available for various stakeholders throughout the supply chain, and there are gaps in the existing skillsets. Also, in the CI, it is critical to realize the associated values and essential work before entities can confidently initiate an investment. There are a lot of associate values; work needs to be understood before entities say, Yes, we can invest in that. In addition, one of the interviewees highlighted that the academic programs still lack sufficient emphasis on the technologies associated with DT. Participant one argued that “Engineers often enter the industry with limited knowledge of DT, resulting in gaps between their theoretical education and practical implementation. Moreover, the universities showed resistance to incorporating new technologies into their programs, hindering the development of expertise among graduates and future professionals.”

All interviewees unanimously highlighted resistance to change and issues related to people culture as prominent concerns among stakeholders in ME CI. Many practitioners expressed contentment with their current practices and were reluctant to embrace change unless prompted. Management may remain unaware of the need for change unless it is clearly communicated to them, and resistance to change typically originates from the clients, with other parties subsequently follow. However, resistance to change is also linked to the contracts. There is a need for revisions in contracts. The legal aspects of contracts determine the organizations’ obligations, and if the rules set out in the contract are in place, individuals are likely to adhere to them due to potential penalties. As a result, contracts can potentially influence changes in the behavior and culture.

According to Gautam (2022), recent recognition within the CI has emerged regarding the significance of digitalization within the built environment for life cycle and facilities management. This acknowledgment arises from the ongoing digital transformation of the CI, underscoring the imperative for stakeholders to acquire a comprehensive grasp of the associated technology. However, the interviews exposed that the lack of awareness, understanding and knowledge emerged as a significant barrier to the adoption of DT in projects in the ME. Some participants added that “there is a big difference among people. Some have a good understanding, but they’re a minority. Others just use the term ‘DT’ as a trendy word, trying to impress their clients by using it, and treating it like an ordinary model.” Inconsistency and confusion in defining DT and its various types were observed across different companies and contributed to the hesitancy in embracing DT. All interviewees highlighted that many people do not really understand what DT is. There are no unified definitions, standards and directions for DT. In addition, the companies have their own definitions of DT. Lack of unified definitions, standards and global frameworks, particularly at the international level, is evident. Presently, a multitude of distinct DT definitions exist, with each company offering a unique interpretation of DT. Differences arise not only in the extent and nature of DT but also in the specific facets emphasized in these definitions, thereby reflecting a diversity of individual understandings regarding the concept of DT.

In the ME, challenges in DT implementation revolve around data quality, processing, storage and analysis. Therefore, the participants highlighted the need for specialized expertise and collaboration. Advanced computing systems like supercomputers and virtual desktop infrastructure are recognized for overcoming data-related challenges. Full software integration, data management and interoperability pose significant obstacles, with the participants emphasizing the lack of consideration among the vendors and developers. Cybersecurity, ownership and data server availability concerns, particularly for government projects, are additional challenges. On-premises data preference over cloud storage is common in the ME. Lack of standardization is a widespread issue, impacting the interoperability and organizational identity. Overall, the challenges related to data are crucial for DT implementation in the ME.

The adoption of DT presents difficulties because of the substantial initial and operational expenses, primarily due to a lack of detailed awareness about its requirements and benefits, and there is uncertainty about the feasibility of obtaining a return on this investment. The absence of a digital strategy within the construction companies further exacerbates this issue, making it challenging for them to invest in the necessary technology and expertise. Also, the implementation of DT seems challenging as the initial investment cost is high, and the companies are not certain whether they will have a return on their investment or not.

The alteration of procurement methods, contractual frameworks and commercial contracts to accommodate digital workflows is a critical consideration. The interviews show that the CI in the ME functions under conventional contract and procurement models, which necessitate a transition toward more open and collaborative approaches. The question arises as to whether the current procurement models and contracts are suitable for facilitating the seamless integration of effective digital twinning processes. BSI highlighted that the top considerations for implementing DT are procurement and legal contracts, people and skills, supply chain engagement, quality and data security.

In addition, the range of software is vast, with numerous options allowing diverse capabilities. Navigating through this array and identifying the appropriate software that aligns with the specific organizational requirements and project objectives constitutes a noteworthy challenge.

This section underscores the key findings derived from both literature reviews and interviews, outlining the challenges organizations need to overcome for successful DT implementation. The findings from the interviews align with those documented in the literature. For example, a significant challenge highlighted by interview participants is the lack of awareness and understanding of DT technology among industry stakeholders. This aligns with findings from global studies, which also emphasize that insufficient knowledge and familiarity with emerging technologies can hinder adoption across various regions. However, the specific cultural and organizational contexts in the ME may worsen this issue, as traditional practices and resistance to change are more asserted in some local settings compared to more technologically advanced regions.

In addition, the interviews revealed concerns regarding initial investment costs and the perceived ROI for DT initiatives. This challenge is confirmed in the literature, where financial barriers are frequently cited as a major obstacle to technology adoption in construction globally. However, the ME context may present additional complexities, such as fluctuating economic conditions and varying levels of government support for innovation, which can influence investment decisions differently than in more stable economies.

Furthermore, the interviews highlighted the need for standardized policies and frameworks to guide DT adoption, a challenge that resonates with findings from other global contexts. However, the absence of established regulations in the ME may pose a more significant barrier compared to regions where regulatory frameworks are already in place, thus necessitating a focused effort to develop such standards in the local context. Table 3 summarizes these challenges in the identified categories.

This research encompasses an exploration of DT technology in the ME CI, with findings indicating that its adoption within the built environment in the ME is in its early stage of research and development. Limited practical application is observed in large-scale construction projects, both in practice and academia. The first objective, to identify the benefits of DT technology, was addressed through findings that outlined several advantages, such as enhancing sustainability and improving operational efficiency. By creating a digital representation of physical assets, DT enables real-time monitoring and predictive maintenance, which can lead to reduced costs and increased project success rates. These benefits illustrate DT’s potential to revolutionize construction practices by enabling more informed decision-making.

In exploring the implementation challenges associated with DT, the study identified 26 specific obstacles, including cultural resistance to change and financial barriers. This comprehensive view of the challenges provides valuable insights into the factors that impede DT adoption in the Middle Eastern context, highlighting the need for targeted interventions.

The assessment of awareness and understanding among stakeholders revealed a significant gap, as interviews indicated that many professionals lack sufficient knowledge about DT technology and its applications. This finding underscores the pressing need for educational initiatives aimed at enhancing awareness and understanding of DT within the industry. The evaluation of the role of standardization highlighted the lack of clear policies and frameworks as a major barrier to DT implementation. Participants emphasized the importance of establishing standardized guidelines to facilitate the effective integration of DT technologies, which is crucial for fostering collaboration among various stakeholders.

The research emphasizes the critical need for a structured approach to the adoption of DT technology in the Middle Eastern construction industry. It highlights the importance of developing standardized policy frameworks that promote education, cross-disciplinary collaboration and robust data governance. By establishing clear data standards and incentivizing DT integration, stakeholders can enhance sustainability and operational efficiency in construction projects. The conclusion also calls for increased awareness programs to bridge the knowledge gap and encourages the sharing of successful case studies to demonstrate the value of DT. Ultimately, a collective effort among architects, engineers, contractors, policymakers and technology providers is essential for overcoming barriers and fully realizing the transformative potential of DT in the construction sector.

1. What are the current trends and level of awareness regarding digital twin technology in the construction industry in the Middle East, and how do they affect the adoption of digital twin technology?

2. When did your organization begin to invest in Digital Twin solutions?

3. How important are digital twin solutions to your organization?

4. At your organization, which of the following have digital twins had the greatest positive impact on: cost savings, better communication and documentation, customer satisfaction, product time to market, efficiency and safety, real-time monitoring and control, predictive maintenance and scheduling, risk assessment, personalization of products and services (tailoring the products to fit the individual needs and demands)?

5. Do you believe your leadership would be more likely to invest in Digital Twin solutions if they better understood the benefits of digital twins? What benefits do you wish them to understand about digital twins?

6. Which of the following technologies do you implement along with digital twin to improve the process or the outcomes: AI or ML, CAD, CAE, BIM, Augment/virtual reality, the internet of things, real-time data analysis, cross platform connectivity?

7. What are the main challenges and barriers facing the construction companies that hinder the adoption of digital twin technology in the construction industry in the Middle East?

8. What are the technical requirements and infrastructure needed to support the implementation of digital twin technology in the construction industry in the Middle East?

9. Are there any regulatory or legal obstacles that need to be addressed to promote the adoption of digital twin technology in the construction industry in the Middle East?

10. How can the construction industry in the Middle East be encouraged to adopt digital twin technology, and what are the steps that can be taken to overcome the challenges and barriers to its adoption?

11. What are the potential benefits of implementing digital twin technology in the construction industry in the Middle East, and how can they be measured and evaluated?

12. Have digital twins helped your organization create more sustainable products? How? More energy efficiency or less wasteful, easier to refurbish and reuse the products or less equipment?

13. Do you think the complexity of data management increases when we increase the scale of deployment of digital twin?

Source: Created by the authors