... different conditions using finite element-based PLAXIS 2D software. Findings The stability for each model was checked in terms of factor of safety ( FOS ), and deformation magnitude was computed for the end-of-construction loading condition, which is critical to both upstream and downstream slopes...

... and save a lot of travel time. Bridges have some defects and deformation as a result of climatic changes, vehicle loads and express traffic and accidents, which necessitate continual observation and monitoring to repair any defect before it increases. One of the main reinforced bridges in Egypt is Kafr El...