“Can we be young and carefree?” Using the Roy Adaptation Model to explore youth pressure in South Africa Open Access

The pursuit of happiness and a carefree life is a universal aspiration, especially among young adults (Ahmed et al., 2022). However, in today’s fast-paced and demanding world, South African youth often find themselves grappling with various stressors that can impact their mental well-being and overall quality of life (McCarty, 2023). In South Africa, the unique socioeconomic and cultural landscape adds additional layers of complexity to the stress experienced by young adults. The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of young South African adults towards stress, focusing on their perceptions, coping mechanisms and the broader implications for mental health and well-being.

This study was guided by the Roy Adaptation Model (RAM), which offers an effective theoretical basis. The RAM posits that individuals adapt to stressors through the utilisation of a variety of coping mechanisms that can influence their overall function and well-being (Roy, 2011). Using this model, the aim of this study was to establish how young South Africans perceive and manage stress in their socio-cultural reality. This approach not only draws attention to the adaptive processes utilised by the individual but also emphasises the importance of exploring the relational dynamics between stressors and coping processes.

South Africa’s socioeconomic environment is characterised by high levels of inequality, unemployment and cultural diversity (Muyambi and Ahiaku, 2025). These factors significantly influence how stress is perceived and managed by young adults. High unemployment rates, financial instability and sociopolitical challenges create a context in which stress is a daily reality for many (Knox, 2025). In addition, cultural expectations and family responsibilities play crucial roles in shaping the stressful experiences of young South Africans (Lund et al., 2011). Rising costs of living and societal pressures can also act as significant stressors, potentially leading to mental-health issues and hindering the ability of young adults to embrace a carefree existence (Baral et al., 2022). The concept of “being young and carefree” is often romanticised, but the reality for many young South Africans may be vastly different. Financial constraints, family responsibilities and uncertainty about the future can weigh heavily on their minds, potentially contributing to anxiety, depression and other mental-health concerns (Ahmed et al., 2022).

The pervasive influence of social media on the lives of young people must not be overlooked. While they can serve as platforms for connection and self-expression (Cheung et al., 2025), the constant comparison and pressure to present a curated version of one’s life may contribute to heightened stress levels (Weier and Lee, 2016). Cultural and societal expectations can also play a significant role in shaping the attitudes and experiences of young adults (Ahmed et al., 2022). In South Africa’s diverse cultural landscape, traditional values and societal norms may impact the way young people perceive and cope with stress. Coping mechanisms and support systems are crucial in managing stress and promoting overall well-being (Baral et al., 2022).

The aim of this research was to delve deeper into the attitudes of young South African adults regarding stress. To this end, the research question was: What are the current stresses that young South Africans face, and how are they coping with these stresses. Valuable insight is offered into how they perceive and cope with the stressors that riddle their lives. Understanding the attitudes of young South African adults towards stress is crucial for several reasons. First, it provides insights into the specific stressors faced by this demographic and how they navigate these challenges. Second, it helps in identifying effective coping mechanisms and areas where additional support may be needed. Finally, it informs the development of targeted interventions aimed at promoting mental health and well-being among young adults in South Africa (Patel et al., 2007). The significance of this study lies in its potential to inform policy and practice. By understanding the attitudes and experiences of young South African adults towards stress, stakeholders can develop more effective and culturally sensitive interventions, given the country’s complex landscape of mental health (Cooper and Livingston, 2014).

Stress can be defined as a physiological and psychological response to demands or pressures that challenge an individual’s ability to cope effectively (Baral et al., 2022). It is a complex phenomenon that involves various factors, including external stressors, individual perceptions and coping mechanisms (Park et al., 2022). Stress can manifest in physical symptoms, such as headaches, fatigue and muscle tension, as well as emotional and behavioural changes, such as anxiety, irritability and difficulty concentrating (Whitehead, 1994). Chronic stress, if left unmanaged, can have significant negative impacts on an individual’s health and well-being (American Psychological Association, 2023). It has been linked to an increased risk of various health problems, including cardiovascular disease, depression and immune system dysfunction (Baral et al., 2022). Therefore, it is important for individuals to develop effective strategies for managing stress and promoting overall well-being.

The experience of stress can be influenced by a variety of factors, including genetic predisposition, environmental conditions and socioeconomic status (An et al., 2023). Individuals with limited access to resources or support systems may be more vulnerable to the adverse effects of stress, highlighting the importance of addressing social determinants of health (Kappes et al., 2023). Moreover, stress can have a reciprocal relationship with mental-health conditions, such as anxiety and depression (American Psychological Association, 2023). High levels of stress can exacerbate the symptoms of these disorders, while pre-existing mental-health issues can also contribute to increased stress levels (Baral et al., 2022). Recognising and addressing the interconnectedness of stress and mental health is crucial for holistic well-being. The impact of stress can also extend beyond the individual, affecting relationships, work performance and overall societal functioning (Park et al., 2022). Employers, policymakers and community organisations play a vital role in creating environments that support stress management and promote the well-being of individuals and communities (Baral et al., 2022). Comprehensive, multifaceted approaches to addressing stress are essential for fostering a healthier and more resilient society.

Stressors are the external or internal factors that trigger the stress response in an individual (Folkman, 2011). They can be categorised into different types, including daily inconveniences, trauma, life events and chronic stress. Daily incoveniences refer to the minor, everyday challenges and annoyances that individuals encounter, such as traffic jams, work deadlines, or interpersonal conflicts (McCarty, 2023). While these stressors may seem insignificant, their cumulative effect can contribute to heightened stress levels and decreased well-being. Trauma refers to profoundly distressing or disturbing experiences that can have lasting psychological and emotional impacts (Folkman, 2011). Examples of traumatic events include physical or sexual abuse, natural disasters, witnessing violence, or experiencing life-threatening situations. Trauma can lead to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other mental-health issues, if not addressed properly (Park et al., 2022). Life events are significant changes or transitions in an individual’s life, such as getting married, starting a new job, moving to a new location or experiencing the loss of a loved one (McCarty, 2023). While some life events are positive, others can be highly stressful and require significant adjustment and coping efforts. Chronic stress refers to prolonged exposure to stressors over an extended period (Ogakwu et al., 2024). This type of stress can arise from ongoing challenges or situations, such as financial difficulties, chronic illness, caregiver responsibilities, or living in a high-stress environment. Chronic stress can have detrimental effects on physical and mental health if not managed effectively.

South Africa’s socioeconomic landscape presents unique challenges for young adults. High unemployment rates, socioeconomic disparities and cultural expectations contribute to the stress experienced by this demographic. The legacy of apartheid and ongoing issues of inequality further exacerbate these stressors (Cooper and Livingston, 2014; Muyambi and Ahiaku, 2025). According to Statistics South Africa (2020), the youth unemployment rate stands at 55.2%, one of the highest in the world, highlighting the significant economic pressures faced by young South Africans. The South African government has implemented various policies aimed at addressing these socioeconomic challenges, but the impact on young adults’ stress levels remains significant. Studies have indicated that young South Africans often experience high levels of stress related to financial instability, academic pressures and job insecurity (Pillay, 2023). In addition, the South African Stress and Health Study (SASH) conducted by Atwoli et al. (2013) found that the prevalence of mental disorders, including anxiety and depression, is high among young South Africans, further highlighting the need for effective stress-management interventions.

Culture significantly influences how individuals perceive and manage stress. In collectivist cultures, such as those prevalent in many South African communities, social harmony and group cohesion are prioritised, potentially influencing stress responses and coping mechanisms (Triandis, 2011; Zhamshit, 2025). Understanding these cultural nuances is essential for developing effective interventions tailored to the South African context. Alexander (2024) asserted that cultural values and beliefs shape individuals’ experiences of stress and their coping strategies. In South Africa, cultural expectations around academic and professional success, family responsibilities and social roles play a crucial role in shaping stress experiences. For example, young adults may face pressure to achieve high academic standards or secure well-paying jobs to support their families, leading to increased stress levels (Mokomane, 2014). Research by Ntshangase et al. (2012) highlights the role of traditional healing practices and community support systems in managing stress among South Africans (see also Ngubane and De Gama, 2024). These cultural practices, which include rituals, herbal remedies and communal gatherings, provide social and emotional support, promoting resilience and well-being (Knox, 2025). However, the effectiveness of these practices varies, and there is a need to explore culturally sensitive mental-health services that integrate traditional and modern approaches.

Young adults, typically defined as individuals between the ages of 18 and 30, face unique challenges and stressors during this developmental stage. They often experience transitions related to education, career, relationships and financial independence (Ahmed et al., 2022). Young adults face unique stressors related to educational attainment, career development and social relationships. Kirwan (2024) described emerging adulthood as a distinct developmental phase characterised by exploration and instability, which can contribute to heightened stress levels. Academic pressures, financial instability and the transition to the workforce are common sources of stress among this demographic (Alexander, 2024). Research has also highlighted the role of social support in buffering the effects of stress. Cohen and Wills (1985) posited that social support can directly impact stress levels by providing emotional, informational and instrumental resources. For young adults, peer relationships and family support play crucial roles in stress management. In addition, studies by Compas et al. (2017) have shown that effective coping strategies, such as problem-solving and emotional regulation, are critical for mitigating the negative effects of stress.

One of the primary sources of stress for young adults is the transition from high school to college or the workforce (Zeledon et al., 2023). This transition often involves adjusting to new academic or work demands, managing financial responsibilities and establishing independence from family. The pressure to excel in these areas can lead to feelings of anxiety, burnout and a lack of work-life balance (Kirwan, 2024). However, the long-term effects of transitions from high school to college or the workforce on mental health are underexplored, hence the need for further studies.

Furthermore, young adults may face challenges in developing and maintaining healthy romantic relationships, as well as navigating the complexities of social interactions and peer pressure (McCarty, 2023). The stress associated with these interpersonal relationships can further contribute to mental-health concerns, such as depression and social anxiety (Ahmed et al., 2022). Social media use, which is prevalent among young adults, can also exacerbate stress by fuelling unrealistic expectations, comparison to others and a sense of pressure to present a perfect life (Fink, 2010). This can lead to feelings of inadequacy, low self-esteem and increased stress and anxiety (McCarty, 2023).

In the context of higher education, Parker et al. (2017) found that academic stress is a significant predictor of mental-health problems among university students. The pressure to perform well academically, coupled with the financial burden of tuition fees and living expenses, contributes to high levels of stress. This is further compounded by uncertainties about future employment prospects, which are particularly pronounced in countries with high youth unemployment rates (Smith and Yang, 2017).

For half a century, the RAM has been used to guide research in multiple disciplines (Jennings, 2017). While its origins are in the experiences of nurses, the model itself is adaptable to the study of adaptation to stimuli and the coping processes of individuals and groups (Roy, 2011), as depicted in Figure 1.

This study is founded on the interconnections between Environmental Sensitivity Theory (EST) and the RAM, providing a comprehensive explanation of young South African adults’ responses to various stressors. Socioeconomic status, cultural and social media pressures form the building blocks of this design. They are significant environmental stimuli that exert influences on individuals’ experiences and well-being. Through its examination of how these elements come into stress levels, the model is an attempt to demystify the complex relationship between external pressures and internal reactions, paving the way for understanding the big picture of young adults’ lives.

The model also suggests that differential sensitivity between individuals, as coined by EST, plays a very significant role in determining how these environmental factors are experienced and construed. High sensitivity can be correlated with higher emotional arousal due to socioeconomic stress, cultural demands and relentless pressure from social media, such that there are higher levels of stress (An et al., 2023). Greater sensitivity might lead to more elaborate processing of environmental stimuli, so that individuals are at greater risk of negative outcomes (Scales et al., 2023). Alternatively, Madan et al. (2025) highlighted that those with lower sensitivity are better able to manage such stressors, using adaptive coping styles which are aptly within RAM’s focus on dynamic interaction between individuals and their environment. This aspect of the model brings forward the importance of recognising the heterogeneity of stress responses among young adults, with reference to individual sensitivity levels.

The dynamic interaction of environmental stimulation and individual sensitivity subsequently determines the dependent measures that are coping reactions and stress reactions. Based on RAM, this study underscores the significance of adaptive responses, which are interdependence, role performance, self-concept and physiology, in understanding how young adults cope with stressors. Furthermore, the model seeks to ascertain protective factors, like resilience and social support, and vulnerabilities that could hinder effective coping (Roy, 2011). This comprehensive approach allows for a better investigation into the forces that allow young adults to lead a carefree life despite pressures within the environment, thereby enhancing our understanding of their circumstances. Through including data from both RAM and EST, the current work aims to provide a better explanation of individual differences in stress response and coping in young South African adults, thereby contributing valuable knowledge to the literature (Zeledon et al., 2023).

This qualitative study used a focus-group research design to explore the attitudes and experiences of 35 South African young adults (aged 18–30 years) regarding stress and their pursuit of an emotionally healthy lifestyle. The study utilised a purposive sampling strategy to recruit 35 participants from a diverse group in various geographical locations, socioeconomic backgrounds and cultural backgrounds. The focus-group discussions, facilitated by a trained moderator, were guided by a semi-structured interview guide covering topics such as sources of stress, coping strategies, the role of socioeconomic factors, cultural influences and the impact of social media. Participants were put in groups of seven participants to make five focus-group discussions.

Various data-validation methods were applied in the study. Member checking was employed to verify transcripts to ensure they were true to their perceptions (Hirose and Creswell, 2023). Triangulation was also applied, which involved the use of different data sources and perspectives in ensuring that findings were properly supported (Lichtman, 2023). As suggested by Fischer and Guzel (2023), peer feedback also helped to frame interpretations. Reflexivity was also applied through reflective journaling, capturing researchers’ thoughts and assumptions while conducting the research (Brown and Rogers, 2020). Therefore, each of these individually improved the validity and reliability of the results.

The data collected from the focus-group sessions were analysed using thematic analysis, a widely used qualitative data analysis method (Booth, 2020). The recorded focus-group discussions were transcribed verbatim and the transcripts were then coded and analysed to identify recurring themes and subthemes related to the causes of stress, coping strategies and the pursuit of a stress-reduced lifestyle among young South African adults. The coding process involved two independent coders using abductive thematic analysis (Thompson, 2022). The open ended and discursive nature of the focus groups meant that participants were more able to speak freely about pressures, and the goal was to foster vulnerability. When discussing coping strategies, this atmosphere was also helpful (especially with negative strategies like substance use). Each coder reviewed the focus group transcripts and applied initial open codes based purely on the feedback. After that a round of selective coding was applied based on the RAM framework. After the coding was finished, coders had discussions to compare their interpretations. A final round of axial coding led to a framing for the findings (summarised in Figure 2). A third researcher was consulted to help work through minor discrepancies, and to provide an objective perspective (Chikweche et al., 2021).

The study adhered to strict ethical principles and guidelines to ensure the protection of participants’ rights, dignity and well-being. Informed consent was obtained, and measures were taken to maintain confidentiality and anonymity, as well as to minimise risks or discomfort during the focus-group discussions (Etikan et al., 2016; Bush, 2019). The qualitative approach and focus-group design allowed the researchers to gain an in-depth understanding of the complex phenomena, subjective experiences and nuances that shape the stress experiences and coping mechanisms of the target population (Booth, 2020; Brown and Rogers, 2020).

The study incorporated participants of both genders, with an age range of 18 years to 30 years. The participants varied in academic level attained and had diverse occupations. Table 1 below shows the demographic characteristics of participants.

Table 1 shows the demographic characteristics of participants. A total of 18 participants were female, while 17 were male. The age range shows that 18 participants were between the ages of 18–24 years, and 17 participants were between 25 and 30 years. On the education levels, 11 of the participants had bachelor’s degrees, 12 were high school students, 9 had diplomas and 3 had master’s degrees. On the employment status, 15 of the participants were working, while 10 were students and 10 were unemployed. This diverse demographic profile allows for an analysis that is deep in terms of understanding experiences and coping methods, eliciting the ways in which gender, age, education and employment intersect to inform the mental health of young South Africans.

The financial challenges faced by young South Africans emerged as a significant source of stress. Participants highlighted the difficulties in securing stable employment, managing limited resources and the pressure to become financially independent. This theme was prevalent across all socioeconomic backgrounds. The interview extracts reveal the following views or opinions pertaining to financial challenges:

The financial constraints and unemployment faced by young South Africans create significant stress and anxiety. Participants in the study highlighted the challenges of finding stable employment, regardless of having a degree. The constant rejection and uncertainty about their future prospects contribute to the distress experienced by these individuals. This situation is indicative of the overall difficulty prevailing in the job market, where job opportunities are scarce. In addition to the struggle to secure employment, managing limited financial resources is another major concern. Participants expressed worry about not having enough money to cover basic expenses, let alone save for the future or enjoy a carefree lifestyle. This financial strain further exacerbates the stress experienced by young South Africans, as they grapple with the daily pressures of making ends meet. The participants’ concerns reflect a pervasive theme across different socioeconomic backgrounds, indicating that financial constraints and unemployment affect individuals from various walks of life.

Young South Africans expressed significant stress related to academic performance, the competitive job market and uncertainty about their future career prospects. The pressure to excel academically and secure a promising career path was a recurring concern. The interview extracts are as follows:

Academic pressures and career uncertainty weigh heavily on the minds of young South Africans, contributing to their stress and anxiety. Participants in the study expressed the overwhelming pressure to perform well academically and achieve good grades. This pressure is intensified by the uncertainty surrounding their future career paths, as they often lack clarity on which fields of study will lead to successful job opportunities. The combination of academic performance expectations and career uncertainties significantly burdens these individuals as they strive to make the right choices to secure their future.

The fear of being unable to find a job in their chosen field of study after graduation is a prominent concern among the participants. They feel that their hard work and the stress endured throughout their academic journeys may be futile if they cannot secure a job aligned with their qualifications. This fear adds an extra layer of stress and pressure, as participants grapple with the uncertainty of their post-graduation prospects. Moreover, societal expectations and the fear of disappointing their families further contribute to the stress of choosing the right career path. Balancing personal aspirations with external pressures becomes challenging for young South Africans, adding to their anxiety and uncertainty about their future.

The experiences shared by the participants shed light on the significant academic pressures and career uncertainties young South Africans face. The weight of expectations, coupled with the fear of not finding employment in their chosen fields, creates a considerable amount of stress and anxiety. Addressing these concerns requires a holistic approach that includes career-guidance services, mentorship programmes and efforts to align educational curricula with the job market’s needs.

The pervasive influence of social media and the pressure to conform to societal norms and expectations emerged as a significant stressor for young South Africans. Participants discussed the constant comparison with others and the need to project a curated version of their lives online:

The influence of social media and the accompanying pressure to conform to societal norms and expectations have a significant impact on the stress levels of young South Africans. Participants expressed the negative effects of constantly comparing themselves to others on social media platforms. The curated and seemingly perfect lives their peers portray can damage their self-esteem and overall mental well-being. The constant exposure to idealised representations of others’ lives can create a sense of inadequacy and contribute to feelings of unhappiness and dissatisfaction with their own circumstances.

The pressure to maintain a certain image and keep up with the trends on social media also adds to the stress experienced by young South Africans. Participants highlighted the stress and emotional drain associated with projecting a certain lifestyle online. The need to conform to the standards set by their peers on social media platforms can be demotivating and make individuals feel they are not doing enough. This constant pressure to meet the perceived expectations of others on social media contributes to a cycle of stress and anxiety, as young South Africans strive to present themselves in a way that aligns with the curated online personas of their peers.

The testimonies of the participants reveal the significant impact of social media and peer pressure on the well-being of young South Africans. The constant exposure to idealised versions of others’ lives and the pressure to conform to societal norms and expectations online create a toxic environment that contributes to stress and anxiety. Raising awareness about the potential pitfalls of social media, promoting healthy online habits and fostering a culture of self-acceptance and individuality can help mitigate the negative effects of social media and alleviate the pressures faced by young South Africans in this digital age.

Participants highlighted the stress stemming from the expectations and pressures imposed by family and cultural norms. Navigating these expectations while striving for personal growth and a carefree lifestyle was a significant challenge:

Family and cultural expectations place a considerable amount of stress on young South Africans, as they navigate the tension between personal aspirations and fulfilling traditional obligations. Participants discussed the pressure they feel as the eldest child, being expected to succeed and serve as a role model for their younger siblings. This added responsibility can be overwhelming and contribute to the stress experienced by these individuals. The weight of family expectations can create a sense of burden and a constant need to meet certain standards, which can hinder personal growth and exploration.

Cultural expectations about marriage and starting a family at a specific age also contribute to the stress experienced by young South Africans. Participants expressed the feeling of being overwhelmed by these societal expectations, particularly when they are still trying to formulate their own paths and establish their independence. Balancing their desire for personal freedom and a carefree lifestyle with the cultural expectations of being responsible and hardworking can be a significant challenge. This conflict adds a layer of stress and anxiety, as young South Africans grapple with the pressures of fulfilling traditional roles while striving for personal fulfilment and self-discovery.

The experiences shared by the participants shed light on the complex dynamics of family and cultural expectations young South Africans face. The pressure to succeed, fulfil traditional obligations and navigate the tension between personal aspirations and societal norms can be overwhelming.

Issues of racial and gender inequalities surfaced as significant sources of stress, particularly in the context of South Africa’s complex socio-political landscape. Participants discussed the challenges and discrimination they faced due to their race or gender:

Racial and gender inequalities pose significant challenges and contribute to the stress experienced by young South Africans. Participants highlighted the additional obstacles they face due to their gender, with women expressing the need to work harder to gain recognition and be taken seriously. The constant pressure to prove oneself can be emotionally and physically exhausting, resulting in heightened stress levels. Gender-based discrimination and biases undermine a sense of fairness and equality, perpetuating a cycle of stress and frustration for young women in their personal and professional lives.

Participants also discussed the impact of racial inequalities on their well-being. They described the emotional toll of facing subtle or overt forms of racism in their daily lives. Dealing with discrimination and prejudice can be draining, leading to increased stress and negatively impacting overall mental health. Moreover, the lack of equal opportunities and representation in certain industries or fields adds to the stress levels of young South Africans. The barriers they encounter in pursuing their goals and aspirations due to systemic racial inequalities can be discouraging and disheartening, creating a sense of frustration and limited prospects for advancement.

The experiences shared by the participants shed light on the pervasive effects of racial and gender inequalities on the well-being of young South Africans. Addressing these issues requires comprehensive efforts to promote inclusivity, diversity and equal opportunities in all aspects of society. Creating spaces that value and respect individuals regardless of their race or gender, implementing policies that address systemic biases and fostering a culture of inclusion and equality can help alleviate the stress and challenges associated with racial and gender inequalities.

Building a strong support system and nurturing positive relationships emerged as a crucial coping strategy for young South Africans. Participants emphasised the importance of having a network of friends, family, or mentors to lean on during difficult times:

Social support and positive relationships play a significant role in helping young South Africans cope with stress and navigate their challenges. Participants emphasised the importance of having close friends who understand their experiences and can provide support and a listening ear. These friendships provide validation, comfort and encouragement, helping individuals feel understood and less alone in their struggles.

Family support was also highlighted as a crucial factor in managing stress. Participants expressed gratitude for the unwavering support and encouragement they received from their families, even during the most challenging times. The presence of a loving and supportive family creates a sense of stability and serves as a source of strength and motivation.

In addition, participants recognised the importance of finding mentors or role models who have gone through similar experiences. These individuals can offer guidance, wisdom and advice based on their own journeys, helping young South Africans navigate the challenges they face. Having someone to look up to and learn from can provide valuable insights and support in making important decisions and overcoming obstacles.

The experiences shared by the participants underscore the significance of social support and positive relationships in lowering stress and fostering resilience. Cultivating strong connections with friends, family and mentors can provide crucial emotional support, guidance and a sense of belonging. Promoting the development of healthy relationships and providing resources for mentorship programmes and support networks can contribute to the well-being and overall resilience of young South Africans.

Participants recognised the importance of practising self-care and using various stress-management techniques to maintain their well-being and cultivate a more carefree mindset:

Participants highlighted the importance of self-care and stress-management techniques in maintaining their well-being. They emphasised the value of taking time for oneself and engaging in activities that promote relaxation and recharge their energy levels. This could include exercise, meditation, or simply doing something they enjoy. Prioritising self-care, individuals can alleviate stress and create a sense of balance in their lives.

Setting boundaries and learning to say “no” to commitments that add unnecessary stress was recognised as a crucial aspect of stress management. Participants acknowledged the significance of protecting their own well-being by establishing limits and not overextending themselves. Hence, by being selective about the commitments they take on, they can reduce stress levels and create space for self-care and personal fulfilment.

The practice of mindfulness and gratitude emerged as effective tools for managing stress. Participants found that cultivating a present-moment awareness and focusing on the positives in their lives helped them maintain a more positive outlook, even during challenging times. Through practising gratitude, individuals can shift their perspective and find moments of joy and appreciation amidst the stresses of daily life.

The experiences shared by the participants highlight the importance of incorporating self-care and stress-management techniques into one’s routine. Thus, by prioritising activities that promote well-being, setting boundaries and cultivating mindfulness and gratitude, individuals can better manage stress levels, enhance their resilience and foster a more carefree mindset. Promoting awareness and education about these techniques can empower young South Africans to take proactive steps in managing their stress and maintaining their mental and emotional well-being.

Many participants acknowledged the value of seeking professional help, such as counselling or therapy, as a coping strategy. They recognised the importance of addressing mental-health concerns and developing healthy coping mechanisms:

Participants emphasised the value of seeking professional help, such as counselling or therapy, as an essential coping strategy. They recognised the importance of addressing their mental-health concerns and developing healthy coping mechanisms with the guidance of trained professionals. Seeking counselling, participants found a turning point in managing their stress and anxiety, allowing them to develop healthier strategies for dealing with their challenges.

Initially, some participants expressed hesitancy about going to therapy, but they discovered its immense value in processing their experiences and learning how to better cope with stress. Through therapy, individuals gained access to a safe and supportive space where they could openly discuss their concerns, receive guidance and explore evidence-based strategies for managing stress. Having a professional perspective provided them with an outside viewpoint and expert advice, which was invaluable in their journey towards achieving a more carefree lifestyle.

The experiences shared by the participants underscore the importance of seeking professional help for managing stress and improving mental well-being. Counselling and therapy can offer individuals the tools and support they need to address their challenges, develop healthy coping mechanisms and work towards a more carefree mindset. Promoting awareness about the benefits of professional help and reducing the stigma associated with seeking therapy can encourage younger South Africans to access the resources and support available to them.

Engaging in activities that align with personal passions and pursuing opportunities for personal growth emerged as a coping strategy for many participants. This approach helped them find meaning, purpose and a sense of fulfilment amidst the stresses of daily life:

Participants highlighted the significance of pursuing their passions and seeking opportunities for personal growth as effective coping strategies. Engaging in activities aligned with their personal interests, such as music, provided them with a creative outlet to express themselves and escape the pressures of everyday life. By immersing themselves in their passions, participants found a source of joy and fulfilment that acted as a counterbalance to the stress they experienced.

Volunteering or engaging in community service was another avenue participants explored, which gave them a sense of purpose and offered a broader perspective on their own challenges. Contributing to their communities and helping others, they found a deepened sense of meaning and a reminder that their own struggles were part of a larger context.

Continuously learning and challenging oneself through courses, workshops, or personal projects emerged as a means for personal growth and fulfilment. Participants recognised that, by investing in their own development, they could expand their knowledge, skills and abilities. This process of growth and self-improvement provided a sense of accomplishment and a pathway towards personal fulfilment.

The experiences shared by the participants highlight the importance of pursuing passions and seeking personal growth as a means of coping with stress. By engaging in activities that bring joy and fulfilment, contributing to the community and continuously developing oneself, individuals can find purpose and meaning in their lives. Encouraging young South Africans to explore their passions, providing opportunities for personal growth and supporting their endeavours can contribute to their overall well-being and resilience in the face of stress.

Participants highlighted the importance of reframing negative thought patterns and engaging in positive self-talk as a coping strategy. This approach helped them maintain a more optimistic outlook and cultivate a carefree mindset:

Participants emphasised the significance of reframing negative thought patterns and engaging in positive self-talk as effective coping strategies. They recognised the impact of negative self-talk on their stress levels and overall well-being and actively worked to challenge and shift those patterns. By focusing on their strengths and accomplishments, participants were able to counteract negative self-perceptions and maintain a more optimistic outlook.

Reframing challenging situations as opportunities for growth and learning was another approach participants adopted. Instead of viewing stressors as insurmountable obstacles, they chose to see them as valuable lessons and chances for personal development. This shift in perspective allowed them to maintain a more positive outlook and approach challenges with a mindset of resilience and growth.

Practising affirmations and reminding themselves of their worth and capabilities played a crucial role in combating the pressure and stress participants faced. By actively engaging in positive self-talk, they reinforced positive beliefs about themselves and their abilities. This practice contributed to a more confident and empowered mindset, enabling them to navigate stress with greater resilience.

The experiences shared by the participants highlight the importance of reframing perspectives and engaging in positive self-talk as coping strategies. By challenging negative thoughts, viewing challenges as opportunities and affirming their worth, individuals can cultivate a more carefree mindset and reduce the impact of stress on their well-being. Encouraging the adoption of positive self-talk techniques and promoting self-compassion can empower young South Africans to navigate stress more effectively and foster a more positive and resilient outlook on life:

Some participants claimed to resort to avoidance as a coping mechanism, reflecting a lack of ability to deal with social and emotional stressors.

These expressions of withdrawal as a coping mechanism was reflective of an inability to manage social and emotional stressors. This withdrawal is a block in drawing on supportive social support systems, which play an important role in successful coping. Through shutting down in times of need, members lose the opportunity for relating, understanding and peer and family member validation. This isolation they endure can lead to even higher levels of loneliness, increasing their stress levels rather than alleviating them.

From the RAM framework, this maladaptive response is an indication of a failure to achieve internal emotional homeostasis and a lack of external support networks. Adaptation entails reacting to stressors by interacting with the environment and accessing accessible resources. Isolation is a deferral of this process and an invitation to interventions facilitating connection and social interaction towards enhanced total well-being.

Substance abuse or alcohol abuse arose as a coping mechanism for two participants, indicating an unhealthy adaptive response to stress:

Alcohol or drug consumption was a common coping mechanism among the participants, representing a maladaptive response to stress. While these drugs may provide temporary relief, they end up undermining cognitive processes and emotion regulation. The participants were aware that substance consumption gives only a temporary reprieve from their problems but does not relieve the stressor itself. This chemical dependency can create an illusion of control and thus make it even more difficult for them to manage stress.

The impact of drug use is multifaceted. The members indicated persistent cycles of fleeting euphoria and increased anxiety and stress as the effects wore off. The cycle not only results in a deterioration of mental health but also to dependency, which is another source of stress. Using substances as a coping mechanism for stress is one of the key obstacles to the proper development of better stress-coping mechanisms, which can disrupt their adaptation as a whole.

The findings of this study shed light on the multifaceted nature of stressors experienced by young South African adults and the diverse coping strategies they use in their pursuit of a carefree lifestyle. The identified themes highlight the complex interplay between socioeconomic factors, cultural influences and the pervasive impact of social media on the stress levels and well-being of this demographic group (Ahmed et al., 2022; Ogakwu et al., 2024).

Financial constraints and unemployment emerged as significant sources of stress, reflecting the economic challenges faced by many young adults in South Africa. Academic pressures and career uncertainty were also prominent themes, underscoring the stress associated with navigating the competitive job market and securing a fulfilling career path. These findings resonate with the existing literature on the psychological impact of academic stress and the anxiety about future prospects among young adults (Weier and Lee, 2016). These results are particularly relevant to policy, as they suggest a need to provide interventions targeting financial literacy and career guidance among young adults. Governments and institutions of education must collaborate to implement programmes that provide support in job placement, mentorship and skill acquisition. Other economic development policies, such as stimulating entrepreneurship and reducing impediments to working, may relieve the economic pressures that contribute to stress among youths.

Financial constraints and unemployment emerged as significant sources of stress, reflecting the economic challenges faced by many young adults in South Africa. This finding aligns with Maker Castro et al. (2024), who highlighted the detrimental effects of financial insecurity and the pressure to achieve financial independence on mental health and overall well-being. Academic pressures and career uncertainty were also prominent themes, underscoring the stress associated with navigating the competitive job market and securing a fulfilling career path. These findings resonate with the existing literature on the psychological impact of academic stress and the anxiety surrounding future prospects among young adults (Weier and Lee, 2016).

The pervasive influence of social media and the pressure to conform to societal norms and expectations emerged as a significant stressor, reflecting the unique challenges faced by the digital generation. This finding aligns with the view of Baral et al. (2022) on the negative impact of social media use on self-esteem, mental health and the pursuit of idealised lifestyles. Family and cultural expectations were identified as sources of stress, highlighting the importance of acknowledging the unique socio-cultural context in which young South African adults navigate their lives. These findings align with the findings of Ahmed et al. (2022), who stressed that cultural factors and societal norms contribute to the shaping of stress experiences. The coping strategies identified in this study, such as seeking social support, practising self-care and reframing perspectives, align with existing research on effective coping mechanisms for managing stress. However, the study also uncovered unique coping strategies, such as pursuing personal passions and engaging in activities that promote personal growth, which may be particularly relevant to the South African youth population (Park et al., 2022; Ogakwu et al., 2024).

The findings underscore the importance of a holistic approach to supporting the well-being of young South African adults. Ogakwu et al. (2024) posited that addressing socioeconomic challenges, promoting inclusive and equitable opportunities and providing access to mental-health resources and support services are crucial steps in alleviating stress and fostering a more carefree lifestyle for this demographic group. Furthermore, the study highlights the need for culturally sensitive interventions and support systems that acknowledge the diverse experiences and perspectives of young South African adults. This finding supports the view of Finnigan et al. (2023), who argued that, by understanding the unique stressors and coping strategies within this population, policymakers, educators and mental-health professionals can develop targeted initiatives and programmes that effectively address the needs and challenges faced by this demographic.

The study highlights the multifaceted nature of stressors experienced by young South African adults, which are shaped by a complex interplay of socioeconomic factors, cultural influences and the pervasive impact of social media. Financial constraints, unemployment, academic pressures and career uncertainty emerged as significant sources of stress, reflecting the unique challenges faced by this demographic group in navigating the economic and professional landscape. Using the RAM as an underpinning, Figure 2 provides an adapted model of youth coping.

To date, the RAM has been primarily used in healthcare worker contexts, with a few branching out into youth studies (Yang and Moon, 2024). Taking, a fully qualitative look at youth in general (outside of medical contexts) is a novel approach. The modelled youth pressure-coping process in Figure 2 uniquely shows how various pressures identified in the study act as stimuli that activate the coping mechanisms within the youth (as individuals or collectives). These coping mechanisms then lead to a behavioural response, whether positive or negative. Within this framework, the study also underscores the profound influence of social media and the pressure to conform to societal norms and expectations, which contribute to the stress of young South African adults. The findings highlight the impact of family and cultural expectations, as well as racial and gender inequalities, on the stress experiences of this population.

In response to these multifaceted stressors, the study identified a range of coping strategies used by young South African adults. The strategies include seeking social support, practising self-care and reframing perspectives. Importantly, the study also uncovered mechanisms such as pursuing personal passions and engaging in activities that promote personal growth (Town et al., 2024). The findings of this study uniquely underscore the need for a holistic and culturally sensitive approach to supporting the well-being of young South African adults. Addressing socioeconomic challenges, promoting inclusive and equitable opportunities and providing access to mental-health resources and support services are crucial steps in alleviating stress and fostering a more carefree lifestyle for this demographic group. They are, however, not enough on their own. Today’s young consumers can feel a crisis of identity beyond the stereotypes.

Policymakers must top the list in providing employment-generation programmes for young adults and designing programmes that open employment avenues in high-growth sectors. This also includes collaborating with employers and vocational schools so that relevant skills are made available to employers. Establishing community mental-health clinics and providing training in youth mental-health issues to healthcare professionals are essential steps in this direction. Furthermore, the study highlights the importance of developing targeted initiatives and programmes that acknowledge the unique stressors and coping strategies. Education also plays a significant role in helping young adults. Including mental-health lessons in the curriculum can give them awareness and coping mechanisms. Stress management, resilience and healthy use of social media workshops can make students resilient enough to cope with their problems. It is also required to increase career-guidance services to include guidance on academic stress and uncertainty within the job market. Educational institutions can make students more employable by providing internship access, mentoring and networking.

Community agencies and mental-health counsellors should also help young adults with support networks and encourage them to attend personal-development workshops. Building support groups allows young adults to interact with peers who are going through similar problems, providing emotional support and practical tips. Organising workshops on areas of personal interest and skill development can enhance resilience and well-being. Mental-health professionals need to develop interventions that are culturally sensitive and address the unique socio-cultural determinants impacting young South African adults and advocate policies that promote mental well-being.

Finally, approximately half a century has passed since Roy conceived of her Model (admittedly somewhat based on Helson (1964)’s work (Masters, 2014). The model has grounded much of the way healthcare views nursing practice, and the implications for the model as a way to view adaptation is well attested. This study brings the model out of its realm of familiarity (medicine, psychology and education) and into population group dynamics (in this case youth). The potential to use this RAM study as a basis for studies on cultural adaptation like code-switching (Lappeman et al., 2024) is among a number of possibilities as explored in the final section.

The findings of this study provide valuable insights and directions for future research. First, longitudinal studies could examine the long-term impact of the identified stressors and coping strategies on the mental health and well-being of young South African adults, allowing for a deeper understanding of the dynamic nature of stress and resilience over time. By tracking the experiences of participants over an extended period, researchers can gain insights into how stress levels, coping mechanisms and the pursuit of a carefree lifestyle evolve as young adults navigate different life stages and challenges. This longitudinal approach could also shed light on the effectiveness of interventions and support systems in promoting sustainable well-being among this population. Second, further research on other populations (e.g. gender and race groups) could yield a far more nuanced perspective on how society is progressively coping with change. Workplace pressure, cultural pressure and family pressure could all be examined in more detail. Finally, to complete inter-regional studies would help to steer away from grouping the global youth into homogenous baskets and allow for country specific nuance to be better understood.