Retraction notice: Hybrid-flexible virtual reality as a flexible participation model for inclusive learning in digitally constrained vocational education

The publisher of Asian Association of Open Universities Journal wishes to retract the article Mahande RD, Abdal NM, Nasir, Bakri H (2026), “Hybrid-flexible virtual reality as a flexible participation model for inclusive learning in digitally constrained vocational education”. Asian Association of Open Universities Journal, Vol. 21 No. 1 pp. 81-98, doi: Link to the DOI. It has come to our attention that there are concerns regarding the content of the article and that there is a discrepancy between the reported total sample of 187 respondents and the 170 observations used in the PLS-SEM analysis. As a result, the journal no longer has confidence in the integrity and reliability of this article or its findings. Emerald's publishing ethics policies make it clear that authors must be accountable for the accuracy and integrity of the work submitted. The authors cooperated fully with the investigation but were unable to address the concerns identified sufficiently; the authors of this article would also like to note that they do not agree with the content of this notice. The decision to retract has been informed by COPE's guidelines on retractions and Emerald's publishing ethics policies. The publisher of the journal sincerely apologizes to the readers.