... model. In the first phase, a method was defined to compute bundle synergy, which was then combined with particle swarm optimization (PSO) to determine a satisfactory task package, and in the second phase, the PSO was adopted to program vehicle routings that considered in-vehicle consolidation...

... mathematical model, particle swarm optimization (PSO) is applied due to nonlinearity of the developed model. Findings It is confirmed that a company can earn more profit by launching RTD coffee, even though the profit from drip coffee would reduce. In addition, the scenario analysis shows that by launching...