Introduction

At the start of the second decade of the twenty-first century, 50.7 million children are enrolled in public elementary and secondary schools in the United States. Another 3.1 million children are enrolled in public charter schools and 5.7 million are enrolled in private schools (NCES, 2020). These children represent an increasingly diverse student population with 47.6% identifying as White, 15.2% Black, 26.7% Hispanic, 5.5% Asian/Pacific Islander, 1% American Indian/Alaska Native, and 3.8% two or more races (NCES, 2020). Approximately one in four of all public school students in the United States are immigrants, for a significant number of whom English is not their first language.