Pioneering New Perspectives in the Fashion Industry

Pioneering New Perspectives in the Fashion Industry: Disruption, Diversity and Sustainable Innovation

Edited by

Elaine L. Ritch

Glasgow Caledonian University, UK

Catherine Canning

Glasgow Caledonian University, UK

And

Julie McColl

Heriot Watt University, UK

United Kingdom – North America – Japan – India – Malaysia – China

Emerald Publishing Limited

Howard House, Wagon Lane, Bingley BD16 1WA, UK

First edition 2023

Editorial matter and selection © 2023 Elaine L. Ritch, Catherine Canning, and Julie McColl.

Individual chapters © 2023 the authors.

Published under exclusive licence by Emerald Publishing Limited.

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ISBN: 978-1-80382-348-5 (Print)

ISBN: 978-1-80382-345-4 (Online)

ISBN: 978-1-80382-347-8 (Epub)

List of Figures and Tablesix
About the Contributorsxiii
Acknowledgementsxix
Chapter 1: Introduction 
Elaine L. Ritch, Catherine Canning and Julie McColl1
Disruption9
Chapter 2: Sustainable Fashion Marketing and Value Creation: Moving Beyond the Cannibalisation of Fashion
Elaine L. Ritch11
Chapter 3: Fashion, Sustainability, and the Free Market 
Michelle Blair Gabriel27
Chapter 4: Change Designers: Uprooting the Fashion System Through Collective Action 
Mairi Lowe and Elaine L. Ritch39
Chapter 5: The ‘Whatever’ Phenomenon: Investigating Indifference to Sustainability in the Fashion Industry 
Claudia E. Henninger and Taylor Brydges55
Chapter 6: Craftivism: Hand-Crafted Projects as a Means of Social and Political Expression 
Catherine Canning and Julie McColl65
Chapter 7: The Power of the Climate Activist and Potential for Meaningful Change in the Fashion Industry 
Paula Hirschgänger, Catherine Canning and Elaine L. Ritch75
Diversity91
Chapter 8: The Economics of Exclusion: Why Inclusion Doesn't Fit Fashion's Business Model 
Michelle Blair Gabriel93
Chapter 9: Diversity, Inclusivity and Equality in the Fashion Industry 
Stephen A. Doyle and Christopher M. Moore105
Chapter 10: Expanding the Conversation on Inclusive Retailing: An Exploratory Look at the Servicescape-related Fashion Retail Experience of Families with Autism 
Joanne Shin and Bethan Alexander115
Chapter 11: Modesty as a Fashion Growth Opportunity? Exploring the Potential of Fashion, Sustainability, Production, Value, and Marketing 
Noreen Q. Siddiqui and Ruth Marciniak127
Chapter 12: Children's Clothing Versus Children's Fashion: Contextual and Design Approaches of Childrenswear in the Global North 
Aude Le Guennec139
Chapter 13: Imperatives of Inclusive Policies on Growth and Challenges of the Fashion Industry in Sub-Saharan Africa 
Jane Owoloyi Obonyilo and Ruth Marciniak155
Sustainability and Circular Fashion171
Chapter 14: Resell–Rewear: Examining Consumer Behaviour to Advance the Fashion Circular Economy 
Elaine L. Ritch, Catherine Canning and Noreen Q. Siddiqui173
Chapter 15: Exploring the Current and Future Potential of Fashion Rental and Resale in the UK: A Case Study on ACS Clothing 
Karina McGowan and Eileen Conlan185
Chapter 16: “I Thrifted this ‘Fit”: Indian Millennials' Experiences of Online Thrifting 
Anjali Iyer and Patsy Perry195
Chapter 17: Vintage Fashion Consumption as a Sustainable Choice 
Julia Michalowska, Julie McColl and Catherine Canning205
Chapter 18: Fashion and Technology: A Concern Over Wearables' Environmental and Social Implications 
Daria Morozova215
Sustainability, Retail and Marketing227
Chapter 19: Fashion Embraces Sustainability: An Analysis of Brands 
Noelle Hatley229
Chapter 20: E-commerce is King: Creating Effective Fashion Retail Website Designs 
Rosy Boardman and Courtney Chrimes245
Chapter 21: The Outlook of Luxury Fashion Retailers' Multiple Channel Distribution Strategies 
Huifeng Bai and Julie McColl255
Chapter 22: The Alchemy of Fashion Influencer Brands: Emergence, Social Identity and Follower-based Influencer Brand Equity 
Abhilash Sugunan Nair and Ruth Marciniak265
Chapter 23: There are Three of Us in this Relationship – Sustainability and the Need to Future-proof Buyer–Supplier Relations Post Covid-19 
Julie Hodson277
Chapter 24: Conclusion and the Promise of Hope 
Elaine L. Ritch, Catherine Canning and Julie McColl291
Index301
Fig. 2.1.Three Spheres of Sustainability.13
Fig. 2.2.Fast-Fashion Production and Consumption Cycle Impact.14
Fig. 2.3.Fast-Fashion Production and Consumption Cycle Components Reducing in Relevance.18
Fig. 2.4.Fast-Fashion Production and Consumption Cycle: Value Creation Marketing Influencer Focus.19
Fig. 2.5.Fast-Fashion Production and Consumption Cycle: Potential for Value Creation.20
Fig. 4.1.Meadows 12 Places for Systems Change Interventions.46
Fig. 6.1.Black Lives Matter Badge Pinned on Yellow Dress.68
Fig. 6.2.Yarn Bombing for Ukraine. Image of Yarn Bomb Knitted Post Box Topper with 2 Ukraine Flags, in Solidarity for Ukraine.70
Fig. 6.3.Yarn Bombing for Ukraine. Image of Street Art Post Box Topper with Colours of Ukraine Flag with Knitted Sunflowers, the National Flower of the Country.70
Fig. 6.4.Yarn Bombing to Bring Attention to Saving the Bees. Image of Knitted Bumble Bee on Post Box Topper.71
Fig. 6.5.Save the Bees. Knitted Yarn Bombing Bees with Written Advice on What People Might Do to Take Action.71
Fig. 7.1.Photo by Francois Nguyen on Unsplash.80
Fig. 7.2.Photo by Bhuwan Bansal on Unsplash.82
Fig. 7.3.XR Funeral March from Trafalgar Square to 180 The Strand.83
Fig. 8.1.Rogers’ Innovation Adoption Curve.98
Fig. 8 2.Fashion Industry Competitive Landscape.99
Fig. 8.3.Virtuous and Vicious Fashion Innovation Cycles.102
Fig. 11.1.Application of Modest Fashion as a Growth Strategy for Fashion Brands in the UK.133
Fig. 12.1.‘Le Noir et le Blanc’, Au Bon Marché, Winter 1963–1964, p. 101, Private Collection.142
Fig. 12.2.‘Vêtements Pour Enfants, Garçonnets et Fillettes’, La Belle Jardinière, 1932, Front Cover.143
Fig. 12.3.‘Devred a 50 ans’, Devred, 1952, Front cover, Private Collection.144
Fig. 12.4.‘Modèles des Magasins du Louvre’, La Mode Illustrée, 6 Mai 1894, p. 141, Private Collection.144
Fig. 12.5.‘Les Jolies Petites Sportives’, Au Bon Marché, 1973, p. 173, Private Collection.146
Fig. 12.6.‘Nos Vêtements Pour Enfants et Babies’, La Belle Jardinière, Paris, Hiver 1934–1935, p. 12, Private Collection.147
Fig. 12.7.‘Pre Teen-age’, Au Bon Marché, 1971, p. 58, Private Collection149
Fig. 12.8.‘Rentrée des Classes’, Au Bon Marché, 1965, np.151
Fig. 13.1.Map of SSA Countries.157
Fig. 13.2.How Global Brands Appraise Apparel Sourcing Opportunities From Countries.158
Fig. 13.3.AGOA Apparel Exports.159
Fig. 13.4.World Bank Growth Model.160
Fig. 13.5.Per Capital Apparel Exports to the United States in 2004.163
Fig. 14.1.Conceptual Framework for Sustainable Fashion Consumption Within the Circular Fashion System.176
Fig. 14.2.Two Main Functions of the Circular Economy.177
Fig. 14.3.Drives and Barriers of CFC.180
Fig. 19.1.Ethical Made Easy Instagram Post – November 2021 from ‘Project Stopshop’.233
Fig. 22.1.The FIBE Ecosystem of Influencer Brands and Their Followers.270
Fig. 22.2.FIBE Formation.270
Fig. 22.3.Transformational Process of Influencers from Individuals to Influencer Brands.271
Fig. 22.4.Influencers’ Social Identity Formation.271
Fig. 22.5.The Core Social Motives.272
Fig. 22.6.Influencers’ Personal and Social Identities.273
Fig. 23.1.The Effect of the BSR in the Product Development Process with the UK FF Market.280
Fig. 23.2.Key Factors that Improve and/or Mitigate Against an Impact of Collaboration Both Present and Future.281
Fig. 24.1.The Trajectory of Earth Overshoot Day over the Last 50 Years.293
Fig. 24.2.Country Overshoot Days.293
Fig. 24.3.Honeycomb of Hope.297
Table 4.1.Conceptual Framework for Systemically Adjusting Fashion Practice.45
Table 4.2.The Role of Design and Intent as Supporting System Change.46
Table 7.1.Examples of Social Media Influencers Who Use Their Platform as Climate Activists.84
Table 10.1.Retail Atmospheric Variables.117
Table 10.2.Retail Atmospheric Variables.123
Table 10.3.Retail Recommendations for ASD Inclusive Retail Environments.124
Table 11.1.Evaluating Modest Wear on the Websites of Fashion Brands in the UK (February 2022).131
Table 13.1.United States Textile and Clothing Imports, 2017.161
Table 13.2.Successful Cases in the Apparel Sector in SSA.162
Table 16.1.Interview Participant Profiles.199
Table 19.1.List of the Richest People in Fashion in 2017 (Fashion United, 2019).232
Table 19.2.Number of Instagram Followers of Fashion Brands Arranged by Market Level from Value to Luxury.235
Table 19.3.Organisations Used to Assess Different Aspects of Sustainable Fashion Brand Performance.237
Table 19.4.Sustainable Ratings of Fashion Brands Arranged by Market Level from Low to High (January 2022).238
Table 21.1.Multi-channel Retailing Versus Omni-channel Retailing.258
Table 22.1.FIBE Ecosystem and Five Core Social Motives.273
Table 23.1.Stage Within the Supply Chain Showing the Parties Involved, Their Roles, and Responsibilities from 1980 to 2022.282

Dr Bethan Alexander is a Senior Lecturer in Fashion Retailing and Consumer Experience, Research Coordinator for the Fashion Business School at London College of Fashion, University of the Arts, London, UK. Bethan’s scholarly research interests span Multi-Sensory Fashion Retailing, Customer Experiences Online and Offline, Innovative Retail Formats, Retail technologies and Future Retailing. She is an inaugural member of the Designing Retail and Services Futures Special Interest Group, Design Research Society, Regional Editor for Bloomsbury Fashion Business Cases, Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy and Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts. Bethan regularly presents her research at prestigious academic conferences and industry events. She is currently visiting professor at Politecnico di Milano in the School of Design. She champions research informed teaching and leverages her extensive networks in collaborating with industry and academics internationally. Bethan is a published author, mentor and thought leader.

Dr Huifeng Bai is a Senior Lecturer in Marketing and Public Relations at the Liverpool John Moores University. After obtained his Ph.D. from the Glasgow Caledonian University, he worked there as a Lecturer in Fashion Marketing and Retailing. His research interests focus on international luxury fashion marketing and retailing.

Michelle Blair Gabriel is the Sustainable Fashion Graduate Program Director at Glasgow Caledonian New York College and a PhD candidate at the Yunus Centre for Social Business and Health at Glasgow Caledonian University. Her research is focussed on policy dynamics for the global fashion industry.

Dr Rosy Boardman is a Senior Lecturer in Fashion Business at The University of Manchester. Her research primarily focusses on digital strategy and innovation in the fashion retail industry, utilising eye tracking and qualitative research methods. Her interest is in exploring fashion retail’s current and future developments, particularly in relation to how technology can be used to help solve issues relating to both environmental and social sustainability, as well as improving the customer experience. She has published several peer-reviewed papers in world-leading journals as well as two books and has been invited as a key note speaker at various universities / conferences based on her eye tracking & digital marketing expertise.

Dr Taylor Brydges is a Postdoctoral Researcher at the University of Technology Sydney and the University of Toronto Mississauga. She completed her HBA in Urban Studies and a MA in Human Geography at the University of Toronto, Canada, and her PhD at Uppsala University, Sweden. Using the fashion industry as a case, her research explores economic competitiveness, digitalisation, innovation, and the circular economy in the cultural and creative industries.

Catherine Canning is a Senior Lecturer in Consumer Behaviour at Glasgow Caledonian University and leads consumer behaviour modules for undergraduates, post graduates, and industry practitioners. She supports new staff and as Mentor Lead, has coached and mentored staff and students for many years. Deeply concerned about climate change, her teaching explores consumption and the links between behaviour, sustainability and change makers. Her research involves sustainable consumption, circular and vintage fashion, and leads a module Consumer Behaviour and Sustainable Fashion for masters students. Her work is published in peer reviewed international journals and textbooks.

Dr Courtney Chrimes is a Lecturer in Fashion Digital Media at Manchester Metropolitan University. She was awarded her EPSRC DTA Funded PhD in 2021 from The University of Manchester, which investigates how fashion product page design affects garment fit appraisal online through a mixed-methods enquiry. Her research primarily focuses on online website design, digital marketing, consumer behaviour, e-commerce and digital innovation, utilising a combination of both qualitative and quantitative methods of enquiry.

Eileen Conlan is an Experienced Marketing Lecturer and the Programme Leader for BA Business & Marketing (Hons) at the University of the West of Scotland. She aligns her academic research interests with her industry experience consulting in marketing strategy and marketing communications. Her PhD study relates to measuring customer satisfaction.

Stephen A. Doyle is a Senior Lecturer in Fashion Marketing at the University of Manchester. His research themes include fashion product development, social media/social commerce and cultural identity. He is also involved in a number of EDIA initiatives and roles within and beyond the University.

Noelle Hatley is a Senior Lecturer teaching Fashion Business and Product Development at Manchester Metropolitan University, following a 25-year career in the fashion industry. She completed her Masters by Research in January 2021 which focussed on the unsustainability of the fashion industry, specifically how fast fashion brands and consumers can be persuaded to slow down fashion consumption.

Dr Claudia E. Henninger is a Reader in Fashion Marketing Management, with a research interest in sustainability, the circular economy, and more specifically collaborative consumption, in the context of the fashion industry. Claudia is further the Chair of the Academy of Marketing’s SIG Sustainability and an Executive Member of the Sustainable Fashion Consumption Network.

Paula Hirschgänger is a 2021 BA (Hons) International Fashion Branding graduate from Glasgow Caledonian University. After writing her dissertation on climate activists’ fashion consumption behaviours, she completed a Master’s degree in Supply Chain and Sustainability Management, focussing on the potential of digital product passports for more transparency in the fashion industry. She is now pursuing a career in supply chain management.

Julie Hodson is a Senior Lecturer in Fashion Business at Manchester Metropolitan University and has 20 plus years’ experience in multi-channel retailing on a global scale and an experienced teaching professional. Julie specialises in researching, evaluating, negotiations and global sourcing strategies. Julie also has an established portfolio in leading multiple teams.

Anjali Iyer is pursuing a Fellowship Programme at MICA in India and researching sustainability in fashion, primarily the cultural impact of such practices. She holds a Master’s degree in Fashion Management from NIFT (Bengaluru) and previously worked as an Assistant Professor at Karnavati University and for international fashion retailers in India.

Dr Aude Le Guennec, Design Anthropologist, leads the programme ‘Future Heritage’ at Glasgow School of Art-Innovation School (Scotland). From her academic background as Fashion Director at the School of Textiles and Design (Heriot-Watt University, Scotland) and first career as the keeper of the Textile and Fashion Museum (Cholet, France), Aude has developed a specific interest in the way fashion informs the society. Specialising in Children’s material culture, Aude publishes extensively and shares her research on inclusive, participative and sustainable children’s fashion internationally.

Mairi Lowe is a Scottish Content Marketer, Systems Practitioner and MSc Social Innovation graduate based in Edinburgh. Focussing on sustainable fashion in Scotland, her research involves navigating complex challenges through a systems change perspective. She is the Creative Director at Sustainable Fashion Scotland, a community-led nonprofit exploring through practice, how communities can take collective action to create place-based sustainable transformations.

Ruth Marciniak is a Senior Lecturer in the British School of Fashion at Glasgow Caledonian University, with expertise in the field of fashion digital marketing, retailing and logistics. She obtained her PhD from Manchester University, which explored strategic planning in e-commerce. She is programme leader for MSc Fashion and Lifestyle Marketing at GCU London where she supervises PhD students. She has over 30 years’ experience of working as an academic in the university sector and has written articles, book chapters and has presented at international conferences for over 20 years.

Julie McColl is an Assistant Professor at Heriot Watt University. Her areas of teaching are branding, fashion branding, marketing strategy and contemporary issues in marketing. Her areas of research are luxury brand strategy, fashion branding, vintage fashion and social enterprise. She is the co-author of New Perspectives on Critical Marketing and Consumer Society.

Karina McGowan is an Experienced Marketing and Fashion Marketing Lecturer. She leads on modules including consumer behaviour, branding and marketing communications. Her research interests are in fashion supply chain management. Current academic and consultancy projects have focussed on luxury brand management, marketing sustainable luxury and operationalising fashion rental and resale.

Julia Michalowska is a BA (Hons) International Fashion Business Class of 2020 graduate with distinction from Glasgow Caledonian University and is currently an MSc International Fashion Marketing student at GCU. With a passion for academia, she is an aspiring PhD candidate with dedicated research on contemporary fashion behaviour among Gen Z and Generation Alpha.

Professor Christopher M. Moore is Principal and Chief Executive of New College Lanarkshire and was previously, among other senior roles, the Founding Director of the British School of Fashion at Glasgow Caledonian University. Christopher’s research has focussed upon institutional structures, international market expansion, sustainability and brand strategy within the luxury and fashion goods sectors.

Dr Daria Morozova is a Lecturer of Fashion and Marketing at Glasgow Caledonian University (UK). Her research interests include sustainable consumption, consumption of fashion and 3D/digital clothing. Her PhD (Aalborg University, Denmark) was focussed on wearable technology and its implications for different forms of sustainability.

Abhilash Sugunan Nair is a PhD candidate and a part-time Lecturer in the British School of Leadership and Management at GCU London, specialising in the areas of digital marketing and social media, influencer marketing and human brand equity.

Jane Owoloyi Obonyilo is a Doctoral candidate in Fashion Policy at the British School of Fashion, Glasgow Caledonian University (GCU) London. Before commencing her PhD, she earned a Master’s degree with distinction in Fashion Business Creation (FBC) from GCU, London. Her PhD thesis explores fashion policy approaches in Sub-Saharan Africa, with specific reference to the Fashionomics Initiative of the African Development Bank (AfDB).

Dr Patsy Perry is a Reader in Fashion Marketing at Manchester Metropolitan University (UK). She is an experienced educator and researcher with a PhD in Corporate Social Responsibility. Her work is published in international journals and textbooks, and her expertise on fashion sustainability is often featured in the press and broadcast media. She is an Associate Editor for the Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management.

Dr Elaine L. Ritch is a Reader in Fashion, Marketing and Sustainability at Glasgow Caledonian University and she is the Programme Leader for BA(hons) International Marketing. Her co-edited book New Perspectives in Critical Marketing and Consumer Society, was published in March 2021 and underpins much of the theories and concepts within this current book. She has presented her research at international conferences and has published in international journals and contributed to numerous book chapters. She has made significant contributions to the sustainable fashion literature over the last decade and has adopted novel methodologies to explore consumer perceptions, including with young children as they reflect on Eco-School activities. She is also a Fellow of the Higher Education Academy and a Member of the Sustainable Fashion Scotland Steering Group. She leads the research group ‘Consumer Lifestyles and Experiences’ and teaches New Perspectives in Critical Marketing and Consumer Society. Her approach to research and teaching is very much driven by the ‘Common Weal’ (Scots for Common Good) and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.

Joanne Shin is a 2020 MA graduate from the Fashion Retail Management course led by Dr Bethan Alexander at the London College of Fashion, University of the Arts, London, UK. She is currently pursuing a career in global retailing and marketing.

Noreen Q. Siddiqui is a Senior Lecturer in Marketing at the University of Glasgow in Scotland. Her research interests include digital communication, fashion, sustainably, retailing and marketing education. Her PhD from Glasgow Caledonian University was in the Development of Internet Retailing by High Street Fashion retailers. She teaches digital and social media marketing and supervises PhD students in digital marketing communications.

We would like to acknowledge the opportunity to engage with students, colleagues internally and globally, networks and industry colleagues to have many interesting and insightful conversations on topics which are of deep importance to us, such as fashion; sustainability; equality, justice and diversity. Some of these conversations form this book – many others are still waiting to be had. We hope that this book will act as a stimulus for you to find and express your voice and join our conversation.