Chapter 8: Human Capital Development, Global Trends and Factors: An Overview of Governance Frameworks and Country Cases of Albania, Azerbaijan, Jordan, and Turkey*

The chapter’s objective is to offer a comprehensive examination of the governance framework in human capital development (HCD), mainly focusing on the comparative skills agenda of the countries, as well as the experiences of a few countries, such as Azerbaijan, Albania, Turkiye, and Jordan. The chapter will use a governance theory to investigate the practicality and effectiveness of HCD initiatives implemented at the national level.

Thinking about the future of skills and HCD, there is pressure in society that much-needed economic growth will probably occur in innovation-driven business clusters such as the environment and green tech. These areas will develop dynamically based on new and hybrid skills and competencies. In contrast, the traditional approach to education and training may find it challenging to design teaching and learning suitable for all potential learners. Specifically, reaching out to the population of all types of groups to engage in new opportunities for skills development and embracing the green future will increase the pressure and demand on public policies and actions in HCD and lifelong learning systems.